Rice is the most essential food crop in China, playing a vital role in ensuring national food security. Fertilization for rice is a highly complex process that requires careful consideration of various factors, including the specific nutrient requirements of different rice varieties, soil conditions, climate, and farming practices. The goal is to determine the optimal timing, quantity, type, and method of fertilizer application to maximize nutrient uptake efficiency and achieve high yield, superior quality, and economic benefits.
Throughout its life cycle, rice goes through two major growth stages: vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The vegetative stage includes the seedling and tillering phases, during which the plant focuses on developing roots, stems, and leaves, and accumulating nutrients for future reproductive development. During this phase, fertilization aims to encourage tiller formation and produce strong, healthy seedlings, ensuring a sufficient number of panicles per unit area. This sets the foundation for robust flower development and grain filling.
The reproductive stage focuses on the formation, growth, and flowering of reproductive organs, with fertilization aimed at promoting large panicles, abundant grains, and effective grain filling. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three key nutrients required in large quantities by rice, and their absorption varies depending on the variety, soil type, climate, and management practices. On average, for every 100 kg of rice produced, approximately 1.6–1.9 kg of nitrogen, 0.8–1.3 kg of phosphorus, and 1.8–3.8 kg of potassium are needed, with a typical ratio of 1:0.5:1.3.
Studies show that nutrient concentrations in double-crop rice (early and late season) are highest during the tillering stage, with phosphorus and potassium reaching their peak at the jointing stage. Due to the shorter growth period in early and late rice, the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium occurs within a short window—typically 2–3 weeks after transplanting. In contrast, single-season rice has a longer growth cycle, leading to two distinct peaks in nutrient absorption: one during the tillering stage and another during the later phase of spikelet differentiation.
Based on these patterns, it's crucial to tailor fertilizer application strategies to match the specific needs of rice during its critical growth stages. Proper fertilization ensures that the plant receives the right nutrients at the right time, supporting both vigorous growth and high productivity. Understanding and following these biological rhythms can significantly enhance rice yields and overall farm profitability.
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