Rice is the most essential food crop in China, playing a crucial role in the country's food security and agricultural economy. Fertilization for rice is a highly complex process that requires careful consideration of various factors, including the variety's nutrient requirements, soil conditions, climate, and farming practices. The goal is to determine the optimal timing, quantity, type, and method of fertilizer application to maximize nutrient uptake efficiency and achieve high yields, superior quality, and economic benefits.
Throughout its life cycle, rice goes through two key growth stages: vegetative and reproductive. The vegetative stage includes the seedling and tillering phases, during which the plant focuses on developing roots, stems, and leaves, accumulating nutrients for later reproductive growth. During this phase, fertilization aims to promote strong seedling development and robust tillering, ensuring a sufficient number of panicles per unit area. The reproductive stage involves the formation, growth, and flowering of reproductive organs, with the focus shifting toward producing large panicles, numerous grains, and effective grain filling.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three major nutrients required by rice, often lacking in the soil. Their absorption patterns vary depending on the variety, soil type, climate, and farming practices. On average, for every 100 kg of rice produced, about 1.6–1.9 kg of nitrogen, 0.8–1.3 kg of phosphorus, and 1.8–3.8 kg of potassium are needed, with a typical ratio of 1:0.5:1.3. Studies have shown that nutrient content in rice plants is highest during the early tillering stage in double-crop systems, with phosphorus and potassium reaching their peak during the jointing stage.
In double-crop rice, due to the shorter growth period, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are absorbed within a narrow window of 2–3 weeks after transplanting. In contrast, single-crop rice has a longer growth cycle, leading to two distinct peaks in nutrient uptake—during the tillering stage and later during spikelet differentiation. Therefore, fertilization strategies must align with these growth patterns to ensure that rice receives the necessary nutrients at the right time, supporting both high yield and quality. Understanding these dynamics is essential for farmers to optimize fertilizer use and improve overall productivity.
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