Scientific Name: Viola tricolor
Common Names: Human Face Flower, Cat Face Flower, Yang Butterfly Flower, Butterfly Flower
Family: Amaranthaceae
Origin: Pansy is originally from Europe.
Growth Habits: Pansies are cold-tolerant and prefer cool, sunny environments. They are sensitive to high temperatures and humidity. The ideal growing temperature ranges between 7–15°C. In spring, the daytime temperature should be around 10°C, and the nighttime temperature should drop to 4–7°C. If the temperature remains above 25°C for a long time, flower buds may not form, and petals may not develop properly. On the other hand, if the temperature drops below -5°C, leaves may freeze and turn yellow.
Pansies thrive in slightly dry conditions during their growth. Overly wet soil in seedlings or seedbeds can lead to diseases. While the stems and leaves grow vigorously, the soil should remain moist but not waterlogged. Excessive moisture can hinder plant development and even cause wilting or death. During flowering, excessive rain or high humidity can cause stems and leaves to rot, shorten the flowering period, and reduce seed set.
Pansies are highly sensitive to light. Sufficient sunlight and longer daylight hours promote healthy growth of leaves and earlier blooming. In low-light conditions or with limited sun exposure, the flowering may be poor or delayed.
Soil Preference: Pansies grow best in loose, fertile, and well-drained loam or peat soil.
Morphological Features: Pansies are biennial herbs with multiple branches. The leaves are alternate, with basal leaves having long petioles and being blade-shaped and slightly heart-shaped. Cauline leaves are ovate. Flowers appear singly in leaf axils, with long peduncles. There are five petals, and the flowers come in various colors including purple, red, blue, pink, yellow, white, and bicolor varieties.
Pansies are one of the most popular early spring flowers, known for their wide range of colors, vibrant hues, and long blooming periods. They are especially beloved in Europe and America. Their cultivation began in gardens in 1629 when wild species were introduced. In the 19th century, breeders developed larger, rounder varieties. In the early 20th century, German breeders focused on cold-resistant types. By the mid-20th century, the Swiss Giant (Swiss Giant) series was developed in Sweden, and the Oregon Grand (Oregon) series with 10 cm diameter flowers was selected in the U.S. Since the 1970s, countries like the U.S., France, Germany, and Britain have made significant progress in pansy breeding, achieving flower diameters up to 12 cm and even small tricolor varieties with 3 cm flowers. Colors have evolved from solid to bicolor, and black varieties have been successfully bred. In addition to cold-tolerant types, heat-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties are now available.
Known as “the flower of the girl†in some cultures, pansies are particularly admired in Europe. In Italy, they symbolize thought and reflection, and are especially favored by young girls. Florists often use them to attract customers. Pansies have even been chosen as the national flower of Poland.
The history of cultivating pansies in China is relatively short. Introduced in the early 20th century from the UK and the US in the 1920s, the varieties suffered degradation in the 1960s, with smaller flowers and mixed colors that reduced their ornamental value. However, the introduction of new varieties from the US and Europe in the 1980s improved quality significantly. Despite this, many first-generation hybrids are difficult to preserve due to lack of seeds, requiring annual imports. To improve China’s spring flower industry, further research and breeding of pansies are urgently needed.
Common Varieties:
Colossal: Flowers measure 10–12 cm in diameter, available in red, pink, purple, blue, yellow, and combinations like blue/white and red/yellow.
Happy Face: An early-flowering variety with blue, purple, red, yellow, white, and red rose blooms.
Imperial: Height: 15–18 cm, early flowers, 7–9 cm diameter. The famous Purple & White variant is highly popular.
Swiss Giant: Flower diameter: 8–9 cm, a dwarf type.
Majestic Giant: Flower diameter: 10 cm, height: 15 cm, featuring red and yellow varieties.
Accord: Flower diameter: 6–7 cm, with the rare Clear Primrose being a prized yellow variety.
Crown: Flower diameter: 7.5 cm, pure color varieties include yellow, orange, rose, purple, and white. Crown Purple has purple and yellow eyes.
Crystal Bowl: Flower diameter: 5–6 cm, with SkyBlue being a striking blue variety.
Delta: Flower diameter: 7 cm, an early spring bloomer. Pure Rose is a red variety.
Fama: Flower diameter: 6–7 cm, with SeeMe featuring purple lace and a white face with a purple center.
Rococo: Flower diameter: 6 cm, with orange, yellow, white, red, blue, and purple petals that have dark veins.
Maxim: Flower diameter: 6–7 cm, a heat- and cold-resistant variety. Sherbet has a white-brown face.
Regal: Flower diameter: 7.5 cm, a compact, early-flowering variety.
Universe: Dense foliage, early bloom, 19 colors, flower diameter: 5 cm.
Wink: Early bloomer, flower diameter: 5–6 cm, with the Purpl & White being a new variety.
Black Devil: A true black flower with a 5 cm diameter.
Padparadja: Height: 15 cm, flower diameter: 5 cm, the deepest orange variety, resistant to semi-shade conditions.
Baby Lucia: Flower diameter: 3.5 cm, a true mini flower, height: 10–12 cm, with sky blue blooms and a long flowering period.
Joker Pokerface: Height: 15 cm, flower diameter: 5.5 cm, deep purple with an orange face, and hardy characteristics.
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