With the evolution of traditional drug delivery methods and dosage forms, modern medicine has progressed through long-acting and sustained-release preparations, controlled release systems, and targeted delivery stages. Today, it has entered the era of intelligent drug delivery systems. As our understanding of pharmaceutical formulations deepens, these preparations are no longer merely "formulations" of a drug with a specific dosage form, but rather "devices" designed for efficient and precise drug delivery [1]. This shift brings new opportunities and challenges to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, due to the unique nature of TCM, its preparation is still in the early stages of moving beyond conventional methods.
To address the limitations of traditional TCM, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach, offering innovative ideas and methods for developing nano-preparations of herbal medicines. Both domestic and international research have recognized the potential and future applications of nano-medicine. Yet, given the diversity of TCM ingredients, complex prescriptions, and multifaceted mechanisms, applying nanotechnology under the guidance of TCM theory remains a significant challenge.
Several nano-preparation techniques have already been reported. For example, Xu Huibi used high-energy ball milling under vacuum or inert gas conditions combined with supersonic airflow to produce realgar particles as small as 50–80 nm [2]. Luo Guoan developed carboplatin liposomes and breviscapine polyacrylate nanoparticles using microemulsion polymerization [3]. Additionally, Zui introduced the world's first nano-Chinese medicine microcapsule technology, which was successfully applied in Xi'an’s National High-tech Industrial Development Zone. The licorice and Gynostemma powders produced by this method have reached the nanometer scale [4].
Currently, common nano-preparation methods for TCM include:
1.1 **Superfine Pulverization Technology**: Using mechanical equipment to reduce particle size to the nanoscale. China has developed a high-turbulent pulverizer that can achieve sub-micron or even nanoscale particle sizes.
1.2 **Solid Dispersion Technology**: Involves dispersing the drug in a carrier material to form nano-sized particles. Techniques such as melting, solvent, and grinding methods are commonly used.
1.3 **Micro-emulsification Technology**: Creates stable colloidal dispersions with droplet sizes between 10–100 nm.
1.4 **Chemical Vapor Deposition**: Produces nano-drug particles through chemical reactions in gaseous states.
1.5 **Supercritical Fluid Technology**: Utilizes supercritical COâ‚‚ to generate nano-particles through rapid expansion.
1.6 **Supersonic Jet Technology**: Uses high-pressure fluid jets to cause intense collisions, leading to nanoparticle formation and surface coating for stability.
1.7 **High-Pressure Homogenization**: Produces nano-emulsions with smaller particle sizes and improved physicochemical stability.
1.8 **Encapsulation Technology**: Uses beta-cyclodextrin to enhance solubility and stability of poorly soluble drugs.
The choice of preparation method depends on the drug’s properties, desired particle size, and formulation requirements. Over 145 nano-TCM patents have been filed, mostly involving microwave extraction and supersonic jet technology. While some institutions have initiated basic research, challenges remain in terms of scalability, quality control, and GMP compliance.
In terms of safety, nano-TCM may enhance efficacy or introduce new toxicities, making it essential to maintain original therapeutic effects while minimizing side effects. Quality testing and standardization are also critical areas requiring further development.
In conclusion, as preparation technologies advance, TCM is transitioning from passive delivery to active, controlled drug release. However, the complexity of TCM composition and mechanism makes multidisciplinary collaboration essential. With continued research, TCM has the potential to gain global recognition and contribute to worldwide health.
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