First, the feeding and management:
1. Housing: The building should have dim lighting with good ventilation during summer. It's important to prevent access by dogs, cats, and rats. Proper lighting equipment should be installed to ensure adequate light at night, which helps increase egg production in females. The breeding area should include brooding cages, growing cages, breeding cages, and hatching rooms. Cages can be made of bamboo or iron, with a mesh bottom that allows droppings to fall through. The mesh size should be around 1.2 cm, with varying heights and a slight slope for easy collection after laying eggs.
2. Feeding: Quail feed should be low in fiber but high in nutrition, with a variety of ingredients. Common components include soybean meal, fishmeal, cornmeal, wheat bran, rice bran, valerian, cabbage, carrots, bone meal, calcium carbonate, salt, and other essential nutrients. Vitamins, antibiotics, and trace elements can also be added. The feed should remain consistent. There are two feeding methods: dry feeding and wet feeding. In wet feeding, the ratio of dry feed to water is 1:3 in summer, 1:2 in winter, and 1:2.5 in spring. Feed quail four times a day, ensuring regular portions and quality. For quails aged 9-10 weeks, use a "feeding according to demand" method.
3. Breeding Management: It's best to keep male and female quail together for regular breeding, which improves fertilization rates. If grouping is not possible, they can be mixed, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:3. Male quail not used for breeding can be raised for meat. Stocking density is also crucial. Young quail should be kept at 100 per square meter in the first week, 85 in the second, 70 in the third, and 50 in the fourth. The environment should be quiet, as stress can negatively affect egg production.
Second, the breeding of quails:
1. Seed Selection: Choose healthy quails with well-proportioned bodies, bright feathers, and strong muscles. Avoid inbreeding. Female quails should have a large belly, weighing between 130-150 grams. Those under 170 grams may have lower egg production. Egg production is measured over three months, with more than 250 eggs per year considered good. Male quails can be selected 50 days after hatching. They should have a loud call, broad chest, fully extended claws, and weigh between 120-130 grams. A red anal bulge and white foam when pressed indicate readiness for mating.
2. Breeding: Female quails can start breeding at 3 months to 1 year, while males are best at 4-6 months. However, in practice, quails usually begin breeding at 50-60 days old, with a breeding cycle lasting one year. Breeding is most active in the morning and evening, with the highest fertilization rate after the first feeding in the morning. With artificial incubation, quails can be bred all year round.
3. Egg Production: Light plays a critical role in egg production. Provide 16 hours of light daily—use a 60-watt bulb for 4 hours and switch to a 4-watt bulb for the rest of the time.
4. Incubation: There are two types of hatching: natural and artificial. Natural hatching can be done using hens or chickens. Artificial hatching uses an incubator, with a slightly higher temperature than chicken eggs—around 20-23°C. Humidity should be maintained at 65%, increasing to over 80% two days before hatching. Regular ventilation is necessary, and eggs should be turned every 2-3 hours to assist embryo development. The hatching period lasts 17 days. Newly hatched quails should be given food and water within 12 hours, no later than 24 hours.
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