Pinellia is the dried tuber of the perennial herb *Pinellia ternata*, commonly known as three-leaf pinellia, trifoliate pinellia, or three-step hop. It is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for its ability to resolve phlegm, reduce vomiting, and clear mucus from the body. It is effective in treating conditions such as cough with phlegm, wind-phlegm syndrome, dizziness, nausea, chest tightness, and the sensation of a plum in the throat.
**1. Botanical Characteristics**
Pinellia is a low-growing perennial plant, typically reaching a height of 15 to 40 cm. The underground tubers are spherical or oval, ranging from 1 to 3 cm in diameter. The leaves emerge directly from the top of the tuber, often appearing as single heart-shaped leaves. The central leaf is larger, while the two side leaves are smaller, with an acute tip and wedge-shaped base. They have short petioles and pinnate venation. A small white bulbous shoot is sometimes found at the base of the petiole, and the plant produces red berries when mature.
**2. Cultivation Techniques**
Pinellia thrives in loose, well-drained soils rich in organic matter. It is best planted in fertile sandy soil, following leguminous or grassy crops. Heavy clay or waterlogged areas are unsuitable. Before planting, apply 250–4,000 kg of organic manure per acre, along with 15–20 kg of superphosphate as a base fertilizer. The soil should be tilled to a depth of 20 cm, then finely crushed and leveled into beds about 1 meter wide.
**3. Planting Methods**
There are several propagation methods:
- **Shoot Bud Propagation**: After the mother tuber produces leaves, small buds form on the petiole. These can be harvested once matured (0.3–1 cm in size) and used for planting.
- **Tuber Propagation**: Small tubers (0.7–1 cm in diameter) from 2- to 3-year-old plants can be selected and stored in moist sand for future use.
- **Seed Propagation**: Although possible, it is rarely used in commercial production due to the long growth period (3 years).
Planting can be done year-round, but spring is ideal. Tubers are sown in furrows spaced 20–25 cm apart, with 2–5 cm between each tuber. About 50–70 kg per mu is recommended. After planting, cover with compost and fine soil, keeping the area moist for germination. For seed sowing, soak seeds first and plant them 3–5 cm apart, covered with 3 cm of soil.
**4. Field Management**
- **Weeding**: Remove weeds promptly after seedlings emerge, ensuring not to dig deeper than 3 cm.
- **Fertilization**: Apply additional fertilizers during the growing season, especially before and after the "Little Full" period. Use organic fertilizers like cake manure or human waste. In case of poor base fertilizer, apply 10–15 kg of ammonium sulfate per mu.
- **Soil Cultivation**: This helps cover the bulbous buds, promoting root development. Perform this twice—once in early June and again in mid-July.
- **Irrigation and Drainage**: Pinellia requires consistent moisture but is sensitive to waterlogging. Water regularly during dry periods and ensure proper drainage in wet seasons.
- **Bud Removal**: Remove excess buds during the growing season to redirect nutrients to the tubers, increasing yield.
**5. Pest and Disease Control**
- **Leaf Spot**: Apply a 1:1:120 Bordeaux mixture or 65% mancozeb at 500 times dilution, spraying every 7–10 days.
- **Viral Disease**: Remove infected plants immediately to prevent spread.
- **Tuber Rot**: Avoid overwatering and improve drainage.
- **Red Hawk Moth**: Spray 90% trichlorfon at 800 times or 40% dimethoate at 1,500 times to control larvae.
**6. Harvesting and Processing**
Harvesting is best done when the leaves begin to yellow, typically in late autumn. Select tubers larger than 0.7 cm for medicinal use or as seeds. Smaller ones can be left in the soil for next year’s crop. After harvesting, allow the tubers to air-dry for 10–15 days. Peel, sort into sizes, and remove the outer skin by soaking in water. Rinse until clean, then dry thoroughly. When handling, wear gloves or apply ginger oil to avoid irritation.
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