At present, the degradation of the soil environment in old vegetable fields has become a widespread issue, leading to an increase in plant diseases and pest infestations. This decline has negatively impacted the quality of vegetables and their competitiveness in the market. The causes and possible solutions are outlined below.
First, the main reasons behind soil deterioration include excessive use of chemical fertilizers, which leads to soil compaction and reduced aeration. Second, there is a growing problem of soil salinization due to improper irrigation practices and overuse of inorganic fertilizers. Third, the neglect of trace element application results in nutrient imbalances that hinder healthy plant growth. Lastly, continuous monoculture over many years can cause the buildup of harmful pathogens and pests in the soil, increasing the risk of various crop diseases.
To address these issues, several effective measures can be taken. First, implementing crop rotation is essential. Instead of planting the same type of vegetable in the same field year after year, farmers should alternate crops. For example, rotating between melons and onions can help reduce disease occurrence. Including legumes such as beans or peas in the rotation cycle can also enhance soil nitrogen levels through the action of rhizobial bacteria. Additionally, incorporating brassicas like mustard or certain legumes can help improve phosphorus and potassium availability for subsequent crops.
Second, practicing rational farming methods is crucial. Applying organic manure regularly can gradually improve soil structure and fertility. Deep plowing during winter and proper soil management in summer can promote soil maturation, making it looser and more fertile. This helps in maintaining optimal conditions for vegetable growth.
Third, using organic fertilizers combined with micronutrient supplements is highly beneficial. Organic materials, when broken down by microorganisms, form humus, which enhances soil texture, water retention, and nutrient-holding capacity. This also helps alleviate soil salinity. When applying micronutrients, it's important to tailor the dosage based on the specific needs of different crops. For example, zinc sulfate can be applied at 1–1.5 kg per acre as a base fertilizer, borax at 0.3–0.5 kg per acre, and ammonium molybdate at 0.1–0.2 kg per acre. As a foliar spray, concentrations of 0.05–0.2% zinc sulfate, 0.1–0.25% borax, and 0.02–0.05% ammonium molybdate can effectively meet the plants' trace element requirements.
Lastly, promoting the use of microbial-based eco-friendly fertilizers is a sustainable solution. These products not only improve soil structure but also provide balanced nutrition, helping to restore soil health naturally.
By adopting these integrated approaches, farmers can significantly improve soil quality, reduce disease risks, and enhance the overall productivity and market value of their vegetables.
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