1. Common Diseases of Yak and Analysis Feeding and management of Yak feeding stage is an important part of cattle production. In the past, dairy cattle farms used group raised yaks. Due to extensive management, the prevalence of diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, typhoid fever, and umbilical corditis was high, the yak's growth and development were hindered, the mortality rate increased, and the cattle-raiser was greatly economically affected. loss. The death of calves was mainly diarrhea, especially in 7-30 days. The feces showed water samples. The most common diseases were white peony and jaundice, and a few had blood stasis. All of them were large, frequent, and long-term. As a feature, accompanied by rough back hair, severe dehydration, body temperature was hot, generally 4 to 5 days after illness collapse, failure and death.
Before the yak was born, the three stomachs (net, flap, and abomasum) had no digestive function within 7 days after birth, and the rumen did not form a ciliated fauna but could only passively absorb nutrients. At the same time, the body does not possess immunoglobulins and antibodies and must be supplemented by acquired ones. These two biological proteins are the main factors that resist the invasion of bacteria and improve their immune function. Therefore, the calf's 7 days after birth is the peak period of illness and death. The key to raising the survival rate of yak is to do a good job of raising and managing the yak during this period and during the whole lactation period.
Second, the yak's feeding According to the yak's physiological characteristics, the nursing yak is divided into four stages for feeding. The first phase (1 to 7 days of age) is fed with colostrum 1.5 kg/time, 3 times a day; the second phase (8 to 20 days of age) is fed regular milk 2.0 kg/time, 2 times a day, fed a small amount of easily digested Concentrated feeds; Phase III (21-60 days old) fed normal milk is gradually reduced from 1.5 kg to 1.0 kg each time, the amount of concentrate feed is gradually increased to 1.0 kg, and the amount of coarse material is appropriate; the fourth phase (61 to 180 days of age) Weaned full-priced compound feed, 3 times a day, 1.0 kg each time, the amount of coarse material.
Third, the management of yaks
1. Early feeding colostrum calves should be fed with colostrum in 3 hours after birth because colostrum is rich in nutrients, contains many vitamins, trace elements and allogeneic proteins and antibodies, which is to rapidly strengthen the calf's constitution. The key point is that when the yak's intestine begins to contract beyond 3 to 12 hours, it no longer has the ability to absorb γ-globulin and antibodies. Therefore, colostrum should be fed earlier.
2. Postpartum umbilical cord treatment The yak umbilical cord is a tubular channel that directly connects its main digestive organs. After the fetus is separated from the mother, the umbilical cord is broken. The exposed part is the quickest and easiest way for bacteria to enter the intestine and can easily cause yak bacteria. Because diarrhea, intestinal infections, and umbilical corditis, umbilical cord disinfection is extremely important. The specific method is to first hand-extrude the umbilical cord contents, inject 5 ml of 5% iodine solution into the umbilical cord with a needle syringe, squeeze the ends with your hands, shake it slightly to allow the liquid to fully adhere to the inner wall, and then squeeze out the liquid. Full medicinal bath ligation outside the umbilical cord.
3. Cooked regular milk In order to prevent food contamination of yak, when feeding milk to a nursing yak, foreign matter such as fur, dust, dirt, scum, dung, etc. falling into the milk must be filtered and then warmed. After cooling to 60°C, feed again to reduce calf's sensitivity to raw milk and the possibility of intestinal infection.
4. Separate breeding dairy farms At the end of 1991, trials of yak cages led to a significant reduction in the incidence rate. General calves are born 30 days after birth and use 1 cage per cow to reduce excessive feeding of hair and tail excrement, especially to reduce cross-infection caused by certain diseased individuals. Artificially create a microclimate, the temperature in the cage is 4°C lower than the outside of the cage in the summer and 1.5～3.0°C higher than in the cage outside in the winter cage, and the status of each yak's mental state, appetite, sleep and faeces can be observed at any time. Find problems and take corresponding measures.
5. Site disinfection Fresh yaks have very poor self-resistance. The epidemic prevention mechanism is not yet complete and is vulnerable to different degrees of bacterial invasion. Therefore, the grazing cows' feeding troughs, cattle beds, and body surfaces must be regularly cleaned, and the cattle cages should be regularly sterilized. The main drugs were 3% benzalkonium, 0.2% potassium permanganate, and 0.1% formalin.
6. Microorganism Feed Additives The calf and reticulum of the young calves are very underdeveloped. The amount of microorganisms is very small. If microbiological feed additives are fed early, the microbes in the additives can be given priority in occupying the digestive tract, thus reducing or preventing Colonization of germs. The incidence of diarrhea in calves fed with Lactobacillus can be reduced by 32%, and the average daily weight gain is increased by 11%. Microbial feed additives and antibiotic feed additives have similar beneficial effects on calves and are non-toxic, non-toxic, non-residue and non-residue. Medicinal.
Before the yak was born, the three stomachs (net, flap, and abomasum) had no digestive function within 7 days after birth, and the rumen did not form a ciliated fauna but could only passively absorb nutrients. At the same time, the body does not possess immunoglobulins and antibodies and must be supplemented by acquired ones. These two biological proteins are the main factors that resist the invasion of bacteria and improve their immune function. Therefore, the calf's 7 days after birth is the peak period of illness and death. The key to raising the survival rate of yak is to do a good job of raising and managing the yak during this period and during the whole lactation period.
Second, the yak's feeding According to the yak's physiological characteristics, the nursing yak is divided into four stages for feeding. The first phase (1 to 7 days of age) is fed with colostrum 1.5 kg/time, 3 times a day; the second phase (8 to 20 days of age) is fed regular milk 2.0 kg/time, 2 times a day, fed a small amount of easily digested Concentrated feeds; Phase III (21-60 days old) fed normal milk is gradually reduced from 1.5 kg to 1.0 kg each time, the amount of concentrate feed is gradually increased to 1.0 kg, and the amount of coarse material is appropriate; the fourth phase (61 to 180 days of age) Weaned full-priced compound feed, 3 times a day, 1.0 kg each time, the amount of coarse material.
Third, the management of yaks
1. Early feeding colostrum calves should be fed with colostrum in 3 hours after birth because colostrum is rich in nutrients, contains many vitamins, trace elements and allogeneic proteins and antibodies, which is to rapidly strengthen the calf's constitution. The key point is that when the yak's intestine begins to contract beyond 3 to 12 hours, it no longer has the ability to absorb γ-globulin and antibodies. Therefore, colostrum should be fed earlier.
2. Postpartum umbilical cord treatment The yak umbilical cord is a tubular channel that directly connects its main digestive organs. After the fetus is separated from the mother, the umbilical cord is broken. The exposed part is the quickest and easiest way for bacteria to enter the intestine and can easily cause yak bacteria. Because diarrhea, intestinal infections, and umbilical corditis, umbilical cord disinfection is extremely important. The specific method is to first hand-extrude the umbilical cord contents, inject 5 ml of 5% iodine solution into the umbilical cord with a needle syringe, squeeze the ends with your hands, shake it slightly to allow the liquid to fully adhere to the inner wall, and then squeeze out the liquid. Full medicinal bath ligation outside the umbilical cord.
3. Cooked regular milk In order to prevent food contamination of yak, when feeding milk to a nursing yak, foreign matter such as fur, dust, dirt, scum, dung, etc. falling into the milk must be filtered and then warmed. After cooling to 60°C, feed again to reduce calf's sensitivity to raw milk and the possibility of intestinal infection.
4. Separate breeding dairy farms At the end of 1991, trials of yak cages led to a significant reduction in the incidence rate. General calves are born 30 days after birth and use 1 cage per cow to reduce excessive feeding of hair and tail excrement, especially to reduce cross-infection caused by certain diseased individuals. Artificially create a microclimate, the temperature in the cage is 4°C lower than the outside of the cage in the summer and 1.5～3.0°C higher than in the cage outside in the winter cage, and the status of each yak's mental state, appetite, sleep and faeces can be observed at any time. Find problems and take corresponding measures.
5. Site disinfection Fresh yaks have very poor self-resistance. The epidemic prevention mechanism is not yet complete and is vulnerable to different degrees of bacterial invasion. Therefore, the grazing cows' feeding troughs, cattle beds, and body surfaces must be regularly cleaned, and the cattle cages should be regularly sterilized. The main drugs were 3% benzalkonium, 0.2% potassium permanganate, and 0.1% formalin.
6. Microorganism Feed Additives The calf and reticulum of the young calves are very underdeveloped. The amount of microorganisms is very small. If microbiological feed additives are fed early, the microbes in the additives can be given priority in occupying the digestive tract, thus reducing or preventing Colonization of germs. The incidence of diarrhea in calves fed with Lactobacillus can be reduced by 32%, and the average daily weight gain is increased by 11%. Microbial feed additives and antibiotic feed additives have similar beneficial effects on calves and are non-toxic, non-toxic, non-residue and non-residue. Medicinal.
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