1 The economic value of ginseng is also known as stick hammer, soil essence, Shencao, yellow ginseng, blood ginseng, goblin, and other parameters. With the destruction of forests, wild ginseng resources have also been severely damaged. Artificial ginsengs have a history of more than 300 years and have developed rapidly in recent years. Ginseng is a very important valuable Chinese herbal medicine. It is a treasure that has a lot of economic value.
(1) Rare Chinese herbal medicine Ginseng is a perennial herbaceous plant. Root yellow or white, fleshy, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, medicinal. Ginseng is a valuable medicinal material. It is known as the "King of Herbs," and it has the functions of nourishing vital energy, solidifying fluid, and sedating the nerves. It is used to cause injury due to injury, chronic illness, qi deficiency, neurasthenia, impotence, anemia and everything. Insufficiency of blood and body fluid.
(2) Advanced nutrient ginseng is full of ginseng. Ginseng stems and leaves can be used to extract saponins and make ginseng capsules. At the same time, ginseng leaf can be used to make ginseng tea, which has excitement in drinking and can help the brain. Ginseng flowers are rare medicinal materials and tonics. Flower tea and ginseng crystals made from ginseng flowers are advanced nutrition products. The ginseng is made from ginseng flowers and white sugar as raw materials. Seeds of remaining pulp can be made into ginseng juice, ginseng juice granules and ginseng juice cream, and ginseng fruit wine and ginseng saponin can also be brewed. In the process of human participation, many by-products such as ginseng oil, ginseng decoction, and ginseng paste can be obtained, which have high economic value. Using ginseng dew can be made into a variety of cosmetics and supplements, such as ginseng snow cream, ginseng skin cream, ginseng night cream, ginseng wine and so on.
(3) The high economic benefits of the ginseng According to the survey, the simple sheds and ginsengs are harvested once every three years. The output of fresh ginseng per square meter is 1.17kg, with a value of more than 30 yuan; 4-5? Annual production of 0.336kg seeds, worth 13 yuan, a total of about 44 yuan, 30 times more than corn, high grain.
(4) Ginseng, an important export material, is an important export commodity of China. Its export volume has been increasing year by year and the price has been constantly rising.
2 Distribution Ginseng grows in China's northeast, North Korea, South Korea, Russia's Far East and Japan's original jungle, with China's largest output. With the destruction of forests, ginseng resources have become less and less. Now it is rare, and it has been listed as a protected plant in China, and it is not allowed to excavate. Now it is mainly cultivated ginseng, called "Ginseng". The main producing areas are Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces, while Hebei and Shanxi provinces also have a small amount of cultivation, of which the Changbai Mountain ginseng is the most famous.
3 It is indeed a requirement for growing environmental conditions that ginseng is a kind of cool, moist and shade-tolerant medicinal plant. It is both afraid of water accumulation, it is not resistant to drought, and it avoids direct light. It requires strict environmental conditions.
(1) Soil ginseng's requirement for soil is sandy soil with rich humus, deep soil, loose texture, strong water permeability and good drainage. Forest humus soil is the best, neutral or slightly acidic soil is better, but alkaline The soil should not be planted.
(2) Water ginseng has relatively strict water requirements, and it is both water-loving and fearful. Excessive water content, when the soil moisture content exceeds 60%, will cause insufficient air in the soil, which will affect the ginseng root system's respiration, and it will be susceptible to disease and rot. If the moisture content is too low, when the soil moisture content is less than 30%, the moisture of the ginseng root system will be diffused, causing the ginseng roots to dry out and the yield to decrease. The development of ginseng requires suitable soil moisture. The soil moisture during the spring season is maintained at about 40%, the summer growth period is maintained at 45%-50%, and the fall season is maintained at 40%-50%. The annual humidity during development and development ranges from 40 to 40. %-50% is good.
(3) The light ginseng is a hi-yellow plant that prefers low-light scattering and is afraid of direct sunlight. The light is too strong, the plants are short, and the leaves are thick and yellow in color. The light is too weak, the plants are tall and thin, and the leaves are thin and dark green, and they grow normally. Therefore, in the cultivation of ginseng, shading should be carried out to adjust the light transmittance, avoid direct light, use scattered light and refract light.
(4) Temperature ginseng is afraid of high temperature and cold. During the growth and development of ginseng, ginseng is in a dormant state with an average temperature of 15-20°C, and a temperature higher than 30%°C or lower than 10°C. In the winter, the severe cold at -40°C can also safely winter. Ginseng renewal buds can germinate at temperatures above 10%°C in spring, but they are most afraid of early spring “frozen yang†(ie, the temperature fluctuates, and the phenomenon of freezing on the ground surface) may cause freezing damage and root damage. "break belly"). The seedling temperature after sowing is required to be above 10°C, the requirement for 1-2 years of birth is stable above 12°C, the optimum temperature during the growth phase is 20-25°C, and under the hot sun above 36°C, the leaves are scorched; below -6°C Stems will lose their growth function.
(5) Fertilizer ginseng is hi-fertilizer. Hi organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. The fear is that unfermented manure is applied and the soil lacks moisture after fertilization, causing ginseng to rot.
4 varieties
(1) Wild ginseng savage is called wild ginseng. Artificial cultivation called "Ginseng". Move the seedlings of wild ginseng to the field, or move the seedlings of the ginseng to the ginseng grown in the wild.
(2) The main cultivars of the cultivars are Da Ma Ya, Er Ma Ya, Yuan Li Lu, and Lu Lu. They are characterized by short and thick main roots, rapid growth, strong disease resistance, and high yield. The main root of the two horse teeth is slender, and the yield is slightly lower than that of the Malaysian teeth. Round-round round reeds and line reeds are plump and beautiful.
5 Cultivation techniques
5.1 Site Preparation
5.1.1 planting forestland
(1) Choose yew, eucalyptus, birch or other broad-leaved forests or hardwood mixed forests, shrubs to grow ginseng, old ginseng or wasteland can also be used. The soil should be well-drained, rich in humus, phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Forest ashing soil, live loess and granite weathering soil are preferred, and lime-foam soil and alkaline soil should not be used for planting. The mountain should be sunny, with a gradient of 10-35 degrees.
(2) Cut down the small and miscellaneous trees before and after the fall of the site, dig up the roots, cut the weeds, and pick out the shade materials. After the branches and firewood are dried and burned with fire, some pathogens and eggs can be burned and potassium and phosphate fertilizers can be added.
(3) The soil is filled with tree pits, and the humus layer is turned upside down in the direction of the radon. Afterwards, the soil was picked up and pests such as stones, tree roots, and golden worms were picked out, and the land was turned a second time. The roots must be cleaned. When the land was turned to the ground, it was ready for planting. However, it is better to turn the land before the ginseng for one year to let the soil idle for one year; or to plow the land in the late spring and early summer, and then carry out meticulous land preparation.
(4) Disinfect the soil with 75% nitrobenzene and 50% diureticin 7g per square meter before soil disinfection.
(5) Most of the slopes are hillsides. The appropriate "window" should be selected according to the terrain (in the direction facing the high side of the shed). North slopes are commonly used in Beijing; cold areas are suitable for Dongpo. The northwest slope is slightly worse and the south slope is not used. The hillside terrain is complex. You can set up a position first, take a small shelter test, and then determine the direction of the dragonfly. Then make the following: height 15-33cm, width 1-1.3m, length with the terrain, generally 20-30m. Leave a 1-2.7m track for daytime operation and ventilation. Slightly higher in the middle of the surface, slightly lower on both sides. At the same time, dig drains and outlets. Ditch depth and Loudi level, the width depends on the amount of rainfall.
5.1.2 Farmland cultivation parameters [word1] Farmland cultivation parameters change the traditional method of cutting forest ginseng. This will help protect forest resources while also reducing labor intensity. Farmland planted ginseng, the color of the ginseng is good, the pulp is full, and the active ingredients of the ginseng are high. The specific planting method is:
(1) The root crops should not be used for the selection of crops, but corn, soybeans, suzi, alfalfa, and amorpha should be preferred. Ph5.5-6.5 sandy loam or loam suitable for ginseng.
(2) Before fertilizing and planting soil, plowing 2-3 times to promote soil weathering, and smashing plant ash and fully deer-fertilized, pig manure, and sheep manure, sifting it with coarse sieve again, and applying it to the soil. Uniform and fine, fertilizer 20-30kg per square meter.
Viscous soil should be mixed with appropriate amount of fine sand to improve soil aeration. Soil disinfection, soil preparation, and bed production are the same as those in forest land.
5.2 Seeding Seedlings are propagated with seeds, 4-5 years old ginseng, Inflorescences have 40-50 florets, gradually opening from the edge to the inside, so the seed growth period is different, the embryo growth and development vary greatly. Therefore, although ginseng can be sown directly after seed production, in order to produce seedlings, seedlings will emerge quickly and good seedlings will be produced.
5.2.1 For the sparse flower selection, the plants with strong growth, strong stress resistance, many seeds and no pests should be selected. During the flowering period, the inner and outer florets of the inflorescence should be removed, and 25-30 florets with well-growth and middle growth should be reserved.
From mid-July to mid-August, mature dark-red fruits are harvested, peeled, and immature seeds and impurities are rinsed with water. Seeds of white, large, full, and disease-free spots are selected. In areas with warmer climates, the seeds of the same seeding year can be used. However, in areas where the climate is relatively cold, it is difficult to emerge in the second year, and it is generally more likely to emerge in the third year. Therefore, in these areas, the seeds harvested last year were sown in June, and germination should be conducted before sowing.
5.2.2 Germination
(1) For outdoor priming, choose a place with a good leeward and well-drained area. Dig 22cm deep flat-bottomed earth pits, depending on the length and width of seeds. Place a wooden box with no bottom in the pit, or embed wood around the pit. . After digging the drainage ditch, soak the dried seeds with room-temperature water for 24-48 hours, take them out, and water them in proper amount. Mix it evenly with 2-3 times of sand, and pour it into the pit to cover 15cm thick soil, such as tile-shaped backs. Cover with a curtain of curtains or a shade shed to prevent exposure and rain showers. The temperature is controlled at 20-25 °C. Mix once every half month and add water as appropriate. After 2-3 months, the seed is split and planted.
(2) The indoor germination method is approximately the same as the outdoor germination method. The difference is that the seeds are placed in a bottomed wooden box for easy handling. After about two months, the seeds can be sown that they can be sown.
5.2.3 Before seed sowing, soak seeds with 10% garlic juice for 12 hours; or infiltrate with 1% formalin for 10 minutes; incinerate with carbendazim 500 times for 2 hours; invade with Bordeaux mixture; Soak for 15 minutes. Wash with clean water. The Bordeaux mixture is prepared by formulating a blue coloring solution of copper sulfate 1kg, quicklime 1kg, and water 120kg. First use a small amount of water to turn the lime into milk of lime, then slowly pour into the copper sulfate solution, and continue to stir and serve. With the use, stir well.
5.2.4 sowing time
(1) Spring sowing seeds sown by germination from mid-April to early June.
(2) Seed collected or stored in the same year of summer sowing in July-August. Dried seeds were soaked with fresh water for 24 hours before sowing.
(3) Seed sowing seeds in autumn before sowing in September to above freezing.
5.2.5 Method of sowing
(1) Spread about 4cm deep to open the ditch, spread the seeds evenly, fill with fine soil, use 20-25g per square meter.
(2) Drill the trenches horizontally in the surface of the plant, broadcast 6cm, broadcast distance 10-14cm, cover soil 3-4cm, use 20-25g per square meter.
(3) On demand, dig a hole with a spacing of 3cm3cm or 5cm5cm, 1-2 seeds per hole, 4cm earth covering, 15-20g per square meter.
After sowing, lightly suppress with wooden board. Summer and autumn on-demand should cover corn stalks or straw, and then press 10-15cm of soil.
5.2.6 Transplanting
(1) There are two methods to adopt more years: first, transplanting for 3 years and harvesting for 4 years; second, transplanting for 2 years and harvesting for 6 years.
(2) Time to fall before transplanting before freezing. At specific times, according to the climatic conditions of each region, it is flexible to avoid high temperatures and avoid cold currents. Because the temperature is high, the planting plants are prone to germination and susceptibility to disease; and the plants are susceptible to cold and sudden frostbite, resulting in lack of seedlings. After thawing in the spring, the buds have been transplanted without germination. In the first half of transplanting, ginseng bed was poured. However, in spring, the temperature is high, the wind is large, the soil is dry, and the overwintering buds are easily damaged. Therefore, many are not used.
(3) Method carefully plan the seedlings and put it in a wooden box to prevent the sun from getting windy. Select healthy and disease-free pests, divided into large, medium, and small three transplants. If mixed seedlings of different specifications are used, large seedlings will prevent the growth of young seedlings and cause a reduction in yield. Before planting, the shoots were inoculated with 1:1 120 Bordeaux mixture for 10 minutes, or soaked with 50% carbendazim 500 times for 15 minutes.
Slopes are planted from the bottom up, open the ditch with a plow board, and 6-7cm deep. The ditch should be flat, and the seedlings should be placed in the ditch flat so that the head will face downhill and the root will not bend.
Flatland species are similarly planted on hillside lands, and most of them use oblique planting. That is, 30 to 45 degrees of seedlings are planted in soil. Plant spacing and depth of cover, depending on the years of transplanting, the size of the seedlings, and the fertility of the soil.
5.3 Field Management
(1) After thawing out the cold-proof soil, when the wintering buds are sprouting, remove the cold-resistant grass and the cover soil above it, and then use a hoe or two-tooth rake to loosen the topsoil and push the flat-slide flatly so as not to bruise the roots and buds.
(2) Establish a shade shed before erecting the shed. The height of the shelter should be based on the climate and the size of the plant. 1-3-year-old seedlings, the upper part of the front pillar is 80-100cm, the post pillar is 70-80cm; the 4-6 years old, the front pillar is 100-110cm, the rear pillar is 80-90cm, the other 50cm Into the soil. The difference between the front and rear squats is about 30cm, which makes the roof form a certain slope. The shelter must be firm and the wind blows. When the seedlings reach 2/3, cover the roof. Generally, double-span sheds (also called simple sheds) are erected, that is, they are made from sorghum stalks or reeds, jingba, tree stalks, etc. The advantages are that raw materials are saved, the yield is high, and the quality is good. It is also possible to erect a full shade shed, that is, to cover the grass curtains and reed curtains on the roof so that the roof is not light-permeable.
(3) Picking buds to reduce nutrient consumption and promote the accumulation of more effective components in the roots, and to remove all buds in time. The buds are shipped back for processing.
(4) Weeding and weeding Weeding 3-4 times a year. The first time with the removal of cold grass.
(5) The cultivated ginseng has strong yang ginseng, and the plants growing on the side of the pods are outgrowing, putting out the arbours, being exposed to the sun and rain, and causing diseases and even death. Therefore, it should be pushed back into the shade and compacted.
(6) Drought-relief ginseng is afraid of drought and is afraid of embarrassment. Therefore, timely drainage should be based on rainfall and soil moisture. During drought, sooner or later use a watering can to sprinkling water on the surface, or ditch irrigation, and pour it into the soil to form a mass and sprinkle it. Spring water shortage affects the whole year's growth and development, and autumn drought also affects the roots to accumulate nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out spring irrigation in a timely manner and carry out conservation. During the rainy season, we must drain water in a timely manner to prevent rainwater from accumulating and polluting, resulting in excessive soil moisture and poor ventilation.
(7) Fertilization After the emergence of seedlings in early May, combine the loose soil with a ditch to apply sufficient manure, such as manure soil, and apply 2.5-4 kg/m2 to cover the soil. In case of drought, watering should be done in time to prevent burning of slush roots. Can also be top-dressing 2% of phosphate fertilizer: Use superphosphate 1kg, add water 5kg, infiltrate bubble for 24 hours, filter out sediment, and then add 45-50kg of water. In the early morning or evening of June-August, the sprayed fertilizer is used to spray the formulated fertilizer on the leaf surface, spraying it 2-3 times a year. In addition, "5406 Fungal Fertilizer" can be applied. "5406 Bacterial Fertilizer" consists of 10 parts of humus soil and 1 part of bean cake powder, which is made by contaminating seeds and can increase the available phosphorus in the soil.
(8) Make up for seedlings in autumn. If the seedling is lacking due to disease, it shall be supplemented by disinfecting the soil.
(9) Before wintering and freezing, the grass shall be covered with grass and pressed soil; when the spring comes out, the temperature is suddenly reduced, and the seedlings have not yet been excavated; Around the reference site, especially the wind block, wind barriers should also be erected. In addition, it is necessary to remove the snow water in time so as not to invade the roots and cause the rot to die.
6 Pest control
6.1 Major Diseases and Prevention
6.1.1 Blight
(1) Hazard, also known as "rebirth disease", is one of the major diseases of the ginseng seedlings. It mainly harms the underground stems, causing serious deaths of the seedlings.
(2) The color of the symptoms of the disease is lightened, and it is yellowish-brown. The tissue of the affected area is softened, dehydrated and thinned, causing symptoms of strangulation, some wilting, and some of them dying. At the same time, most seedlings begin to rot.
(3) Disease conditions The pathogenic bacteria in the soil of the original bacteria or sclerotium overwintered. When the soil temperature in the late spring was appropriate, the infected plants began to germinate and spread to the surrounding areas gradually. The bacteria can survive in the soil for 2-3 years. It is extremely easy to occur under low temperature conditions. From the beginning of June to the middle of the month, it usually begins. From late June to early July, it is the peak period. In mid-July, it basically stops.
(4) Prevention and control methods First, strengthen field management, diligently loosen soil, and increase soil temperature in the bed; secondly, remove the diseased plants and burn them in a timely manner at the early stage of disease; thirdly, use 200-fold of 70% pentachloronitrobenzene. Liquid or carbendazim 400 times solution was used to irrigate the wards. Wash the ginseng leaf with water immediately after irrigation to prevent disease. Before sowing, 200 times liquid chloronitrobenzene was sprayed on the surface of the medlar. The dosage was 20 kg per square meter.
6.1.2 Black spot
(1) Harm, also known as spot disease, damages the entire plant. The main disease is leaf, which is one of the more serious diseases. As a result, ginseng production is reduced and seeds are not received.
(2) Symptoms of melasma mainly occur in the leaves, followed by stems, flowers, pedicels, and fruits. In the early period of the victim's leaf, there were nearly circular or irregular water invading spots, which gradually expanded into dark brown large spots. The middle of the spots became yellow-brown in the middle, and dried and easily broken. The lesion gradually spreads to the entire blade, causing the blade to die. The spotted stem on the stem is initially oval-shaped, yellow-brown, and then stretches upwards and downwards. The middle depression becomes black, and a layer of black moldy material is formed on the stem, which is the pathogenic bacterial fruit body, resulting in lodging of the stem, commonly known as "pulling rod". When the fruit is victimized, brown spots appear on the surface, and the fruit is dried up, commonly known as "slinger."
(3) Incidence of conditions Ginseng black spot, which usually begins in early June, occurs from mid-June to late July, and basically stops in late August. In the rainy season, when the weather is high in humidity, the disease is very popular. The most suitable temperature for pathogenic activity is 18-25 °C, and the climate is less severe.
(4) The first method of prevention and treatment is to timely remove the diseased leaf, remove the diseased plant, and eliminate it centrally; secondly, after the summer, hang curtains, regulate sunlight, and reduce the disease; Third, choose to leave the disease-free seeds; Fourth, Seed disinfection. The ginseng was soaked in 1% formalin solution for 10 minutes, and then the residual solution of the ginseng was rinsed immediately with fresh water. Fifth, 50% of the bleeding agent was sprayed on the leaves of the exhibitor at 1000 times, or sprayed with Zinc Wettable powder 500 times, spray once every 7 days.
The above drugs should be used alternately to prevent the germs from developing drug resistance. Rainy days shorten the spraying interval. If there is rain after spraying, the rain stops before spraying. High temperature and drought should not be sprayed Bordeaux multi-solution.
6.1.3 Blight
(1) Hazard, also known as wet rot and "hand toweling," is one of the serious diseases of the ginseng adult plant. Each year has a different degree of occurrence. In severe cases, it causes a large area of ​​reduced production.
(2) Symptoms mostly damage the leaves, stems and roots of the ginseng from 4 to 6 years old. After the leaves are damaged, water-stained dark green patches appear. The sick stems and petioles show dark green depressions and long spots. After the infection of the roots, it gradually softened and rotted, showing a brownish-brown color, with a stench of stench, a yellow-brown pattern in the root, and the root bark was easily peeled off. The leaves of the diseased plants resemble the scald of hot water and wilted, so that the whole plant withered and died.
(3) Occurrence conditions occur in the high temperature and high humidity season. From July to August, the temperature was high, rainfall was high, soil and air were high in humidity, and the air in the bed was not conducive to air and light transmission. The epidemic was extremely prevalent. High temperature and rainy weather are extremely rampant.
(4) Prevention and control methods First, remove diseased leaves at any time, centralize burning or deep burial; secondly, timely weeding the soil to keep the soil air and light, digging the drainage ditch during the rainy season, and draining water during flooding; third, the outbreak During the period, every 7-10 days, spray once 1: 1: 120 Bordeaux mixture, or spray 2-3 times enemies 500-1000 times, and 800-1000 times. Rainy days increase spray times appropriately.
6.1.4 Rust
(1) Harm, also known as rot disease, red rust, mainly harms roots, pods and stem bases. Rust occurs more commonly. From seedlings to all-year-olds, emergence from early spring to autumn withered plants, can occur throughout the growing period, and is one of the most difficult diseases to solve.
(2) Symptoms Rust mainly infects underground rhizomes, buds, and roots. The diseased tissues were tan-colored dots, gradually expanded or merged into rust-like lesions that were nearly round, oval, and irregularly shaped, and the boundaries between healthy and diseased areas were distinct. In severe cases, the lesions become contiguous and penetrate into the internal tissues, causing dryness or a complex soft disease; the above-ground parts eventually exhibit short stature, the leaves do not spread, and red or yellow-brown spots appear on the leaves so that they all turn red and wither. death.
(3) Incidence of rust disease except for freezing, occurs throughout the year. The infection usually starts in early May, and the onset of disease is June to July. Humidity of the soil is large, and the humus layer is deep. The greater the age, the more severe the disease is.
(4) Prevention and control methods: first, rotation with grass crops; second, rotation of water and drought, flooding the land before planting; third, removing the diseased plants, digging the diseased soil, disinfecting 30-60 g of lime per hole, and backfilling New soil; Fourth, the timely drainage and flood prevention in the rainy season; Fifth, during the onset period, water the roots of the diseased plants with 50% carbendazim 500-1000 times solution or 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000-2000 times solution; At the time, the roots were invaded with 65% Zeoxin 100 times for 10 minutes.
6.1.5 Sclerotinia
(1) The disease mainly damages the roots of ginseng, mostly occurring in low-lying lands and shaded areas with high humidity on slopes or downhill slopes.
(2) The disease mainly occurs in roots more than 4 years old, and it damages buds, roots and rhizomes. After infection of the roots, the interior was softly rotted, with a little white fluffy mycelium initially, and irregular black rat sac-like sclerotia formed later. The corruption of internal organization in the latter period disappeared, leaving only the skin. The disease is extremely fast and difficult to identify early. The early part of the ground is almost the same as the healthy one. When the plants are withered, the roots are already rotted.
(3) Incidence of disease The disease occurs during the period from the thawing of the soil to the emergence period, and it basically stops after 6 months. Mainly in spring and autumn low temperature and humidity, low-lying, poor drainage, poor ventilation, prone to disease. Spreading can cause ginseng to die.
(4) Prevention and control methods First, select well-drained, topographically high-dry plots to plant ginseng, dig wells, prevent peach blossoms, and make loose soil earlier; second, use 1% copper sulfate solution for bed surface disinfection before emergence; 10-15g of Sclerotinia or carbendazim per square meter was used for disinfection in transplanting sites. Third, timely removal of diseased plants, and disinfection of diseased holes with quicklime or 1%-5% lime milk; Fourth, reference may be made to rust. Rot control methods.
6.1.6 Erythroderma
(1) Hazard, also known as water rust, mainly damages ginseng root bark.
(2) Ginseng, a disease-sensing ginseng, whose root bark turns to yellow-brown, thickens and hardens the epidermis, gradually recovers from light, cracks on the epidermis, roots withering, stems and leaves wilting, and roots rot.
(3) The low incidence of disease conditions, water accumulation, soil compaction, and high content of divalent iron and manganese are important causes of the disease.
(4) Prevention and control methods First, the seeds are cultivated in the early spring of the year or 1 year in advance, so that the soil is fully corroded, the permeability is enhanced, the divalent iron is converted into trivalent iron, and the second, the activity under the black soil is The loess turns up and mixes, or mixes 1/4 or 1/3 live loess in the black humus soil; Third, make a high bed lowly, pay attention to the drainage; Fourth, work loose soil, prevent the soil from binding.
6.1.7 Anthrax
(1) The damage is mainly caused by the ginseng seedlings and adult leaves. The new area is generally lighter and the old area is heavier.
(2) The disease is mainly caused by anthrax, followed by stems and fruits. At the beginning of the lesion, small round dark green spots appeared on the leaves and gradually enlarged. The spots are yellowish-brown in the edges, yellowish-white in the middle, and thin and transparent, easily broken into holes. The lesions are mostly small, with a diameter of 2-5mm and a maximum of 15-20mm. Severe diseased leaf spots are numerous and dense. Leaves often have petiole shed from the plant. When the anthrax is severe, all the leaves on the plants can be shed and the plants are thin and unable to grow normally.
(3) Incidence of illness The disease can occur throughout the year, with severe performance from July to August. The occurrence of the anthrax and the spread of it are favourable in the rainy and humid seasons. The optimum temperature is 25°C, the maximum temperature is 30°C, the minimum temperature is 10°C or more, and the temperature stops falling below 10°C in the fall.
(4) Control methods First, use disease-free seeds, disinfect before sowing, use 1% formalin solution, infiltrate for 10-15 minutes, remove with water and then sow or germinate; Second, under the cold After soil, use 1% copper sulfate or 50% carbendazim 200 times for bed surface disinfection; thirdly, adopt flower arrangements and curtains to adjust transparency, prevent leakage from shelters, and install wind barriers at windward entrances. All can reduce the ginseng susceptibility rate; Fourth, the use of chemical control, the method can refer to the spot disease prevention and control method.
6.2 Major Insect Pests and Prevention
6.2.1 Golden needles
(1) Harm is also referred to as a beetleworm. Chest-bored and adult goldworms are more common. The spring larvae bite roots and tender stems, causing the plants to fall flat and die.
(2) After the thawing of living habits in April, the golden threadworms began to move. Generally, there are more low-lying, moist and fertile soil plots. When the bed soil temperature is 8-10°C, the larvae can move horizontally and vertically to bite the stems and ginseng roots, resulting in the withering and death of the reference plants.
(3) Prevention and control methods First, when the bed was set in the site preparation, the soil was disinfected with 700 times solution of phosphorus phosphonate EC. Can also be used 0.05% or 0.1% trichlorfon powder dubbed poisonous soil to kill, or infusion of dipterex liquid 700-1000 times liquid; Second, bait trapping. When pests are found after emergence, they will cook the millet to a half-cooked state, remove and cool it slightly, and then mix it with 5% red locust and throw it into the bed for sedation. Third, use a black light, lantern, or lamp to seduce the adult and place the container under the lamp. Water, drip a small amount of kerosene; Fourth, use 1/1000 seed, add 75% phoxim EC to seed; Fifth, use 90% dipterex 1000 times or 75% octanoic acid 700 times, irrigation Plant roots affected by insect pests; Sixth, stir fry 5 kg of wheat bran, mix in 50 g of chlordane EC, add appropriate amount of water, and make a bait. In the evening, pests infested with insect pests were trapped.
6.2.2 è¼è›„
(1) The hazards are also known as diarrhea and earthhounds, which mainly damage the ginseng seedlings. Nymphs and adults bite off the ginseng seedlings.
(2) Living habits After the soil was thawed in late April, the adults started their activities. May-June is a period of activity. Adults lurked in the soil during the day, came out at night, bite the roots of the ginseng roots and young stems, and drilled many holes in the bed in July. The seedlings were separated from the soil and withered and died. They were generally low-pitched and wet, and the soil was fertile. .
(3) Prevention and control methods First, the use of mature farmyard fertilizers as base fertilizer; Second, low-lying wetlands and new land reclamation and deforestation, to do a good job of soil treatment, planting and planting using every year soil. 150g of cooked Suzi per square meter was used to cool it slightly. 2 grams of trichlorfon were thrown into the soil and then sown or transplanted. Third, bait trapping was used. Use cooked bran 5kg, add 5kg of water, add 1.5% of 1605 powder or 1kg of chlordane 50g, and mix well. After 4-5 o'clock in the afternoon, a small amount of wheat bran is sprinkled into the pot and trapped. The rate is higher.
6.2.3 蛴螬
(1) Hazard, also known as Hundreds of Silkworms, is a larvae of the beetle, which is mainly harmful to ginseng seedlings and roots.
(2) Habitat larvae The larvae start their activities in mid-June. They bite into the roots and young shoots in the soil and cause serious broken shoots. After July, we dived underground.
(3) The first method of prevention and control is to use dipterex powder, apply 10-15g per square meter, mix well with 30 times fine soil, sprinkle on the surface, then pour on the bed; second, when it is severe after emergence, it can be poured Trichlorfon 700-1000 times, killing rate is high.
6.2.4 Tiger
(1) The hazards are also known as cutworms, cutworms, wide distribution, and eating habits. The common ginseng pests are the three small tigers, yellow tigers and earth tigers. The larvae are involved in stem and ginseng roots, and often cut the tender stems from a height of about 3cm above the ground, and continue to invade plants, resulting in severe defoliation.
(2) Habitats The larvae bite out the ginseng seedlings from mid-June to mid-July with a nocturnal activity. Low-lying plots are heavier.
(3) Control methods First, poisonous soil kills. Using 2.5% trichlorfon powder 1 kg, finely ground 15kg, evenly mixed to produce poisonous soil, and was thrown into the ginseng row at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. The killing result was good. Second, bait trapped and put fried bean cake 2kg. , Add 2.5% of trichlorfon agent 1kg, add water and mix well, and spread it into the row with a handful of herbs. The killing rate can reach 90%.
6.3 Rat Damage and Prevention
6.3.1 Field mouse
(1) Harm is also called the chinchilla, squirrel. After the bed was thawed in early spring, the inverted hole in the bed was bitten and roots were found; some were digging holes in the sowing ground to make nests, and the seeds in the bed were found, resulting in lack of seedlings. When the ginseng fruit matures, it feeds a large amount of seeds and steals a large amount of fruit.
(2) Method of killing First, when the snow melts in the early spring, the winter voles that are hungry for a winter see a large amount of food swallowed, and they can take this opportunity to launch bait traps. Use 5kg of freshly cooked cornmeal cake, cut it into thin slices and fry it well, then mix and mix 250g of zinc phosphide on the side of the bed to seduce; or fry the cooked cornmeal or bean cake 15kg, 100g red clams, mix and add some water, The small squid hunted the field mice on the ground or on the work track. You can also use 0.05%-0.1% of the enemy mouse sodium salt, or 0.05% of warfarin bait, trapping in the rat hole or field side.
6.3.2 Rats
(1) Harm is also known as "flower budworm", and sometimes the rats spend their time in groups around the bed. When the ginseng fruit has just formed, the mouse starts to feed. When the ginseng seed matures, it will eat all the seeds of the ginseng.
(2) Method of killing: First, dig out a 2m wide empty zone around the reference zone. Before the formation of the fruit, sprinkle an irritating agent on the hole to keep the rat away from the garden. Secondly, Rats were killed by the method of trapping and killing with poisonous rodents. Thirdly, rats were induced with a small amount of alcohol and killed by rat-claw, pressure beaters or sand robbers.
6.3.3 Mole Rats
(1) Hazard, also known as the scorpion rat, is often plunged into many holes in the bed, excavating a string of mounds, destroying the bed, and cutting off the roots.
(2) The first method of killing is to put a small can at the passageway, keep the tank mouth and the passage in the same plane, seal the tank mouth with hard paper, and cover with a small amount of fine soil, disguised as the channel, as the mole line On the mouth of the tank, it fell into the tank for killing. Second, the rat hole was opened on the windward side, and the wind was blown into the hole. A wooden stick marked above the hole. When the mole returned to plug the hole, the plug was blocked. Retired from the road to kill; Third, open the green onion and break into a certain amount of zinc phosphide, and then close it and wrap it with the onion leaves and put it into the hole. Then seal the hole door with soil and kill it.
(1) Rare Chinese herbal medicine Ginseng is a perennial herbaceous plant. Root yellow or white, fleshy, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, medicinal. Ginseng is a valuable medicinal material. It is known as the "King of Herbs," and it has the functions of nourishing vital energy, solidifying fluid, and sedating the nerves. It is used to cause injury due to injury, chronic illness, qi deficiency, neurasthenia, impotence, anemia and everything. Insufficiency of blood and body fluid.
(2) Advanced nutrient ginseng is full of ginseng. Ginseng stems and leaves can be used to extract saponins and make ginseng capsules. At the same time, ginseng leaf can be used to make ginseng tea, which has excitement in drinking and can help the brain. Ginseng flowers are rare medicinal materials and tonics. Flower tea and ginseng crystals made from ginseng flowers are advanced nutrition products. The ginseng is made from ginseng flowers and white sugar as raw materials. Seeds of remaining pulp can be made into ginseng juice, ginseng juice granules and ginseng juice cream, and ginseng fruit wine and ginseng saponin can also be brewed. In the process of human participation, many by-products such as ginseng oil, ginseng decoction, and ginseng paste can be obtained, which have high economic value. Using ginseng dew can be made into a variety of cosmetics and supplements, such as ginseng snow cream, ginseng skin cream, ginseng night cream, ginseng wine and so on.
(3) The high economic benefits of the ginseng According to the survey, the simple sheds and ginsengs are harvested once every three years. The output of fresh ginseng per square meter is 1.17kg, with a value of more than 30 yuan; 4-5? Annual production of 0.336kg seeds, worth 13 yuan, a total of about 44 yuan, 30 times more than corn, high grain.
(4) Ginseng, an important export material, is an important export commodity of China. Its export volume has been increasing year by year and the price has been constantly rising.
2 Distribution Ginseng grows in China's northeast, North Korea, South Korea, Russia's Far East and Japan's original jungle, with China's largest output. With the destruction of forests, ginseng resources have become less and less. Now it is rare, and it has been listed as a protected plant in China, and it is not allowed to excavate. Now it is mainly cultivated ginseng, called "Ginseng". The main producing areas are Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces, while Hebei and Shanxi provinces also have a small amount of cultivation, of which the Changbai Mountain ginseng is the most famous.
3 It is indeed a requirement for growing environmental conditions that ginseng is a kind of cool, moist and shade-tolerant medicinal plant. It is both afraid of water accumulation, it is not resistant to drought, and it avoids direct light. It requires strict environmental conditions.
(1) Soil ginseng's requirement for soil is sandy soil with rich humus, deep soil, loose texture, strong water permeability and good drainage. Forest humus soil is the best, neutral or slightly acidic soil is better, but alkaline The soil should not be planted.
(2) Water ginseng has relatively strict water requirements, and it is both water-loving and fearful. Excessive water content, when the soil moisture content exceeds 60%, will cause insufficient air in the soil, which will affect the ginseng root system's respiration, and it will be susceptible to disease and rot. If the moisture content is too low, when the soil moisture content is less than 30%, the moisture of the ginseng root system will be diffused, causing the ginseng roots to dry out and the yield to decrease. The development of ginseng requires suitable soil moisture. The soil moisture during the spring season is maintained at about 40%, the summer growth period is maintained at 45%-50%, and the fall season is maintained at 40%-50%. The annual humidity during development and development ranges from 40 to 40. %-50% is good.
(3) The light ginseng is a hi-yellow plant that prefers low-light scattering and is afraid of direct sunlight. The light is too strong, the plants are short, and the leaves are thick and yellow in color. The light is too weak, the plants are tall and thin, and the leaves are thin and dark green, and they grow normally. Therefore, in the cultivation of ginseng, shading should be carried out to adjust the light transmittance, avoid direct light, use scattered light and refract light.
(4) Temperature ginseng is afraid of high temperature and cold. During the growth and development of ginseng, ginseng is in a dormant state with an average temperature of 15-20°C, and a temperature higher than 30%°C or lower than 10°C. In the winter, the severe cold at -40°C can also safely winter. Ginseng renewal buds can germinate at temperatures above 10%°C in spring, but they are most afraid of early spring “frozen yang†(ie, the temperature fluctuates, and the phenomenon of freezing on the ground surface) may cause freezing damage and root damage. "break belly"). The seedling temperature after sowing is required to be above 10°C, the requirement for 1-2 years of birth is stable above 12°C, the optimum temperature during the growth phase is 20-25°C, and under the hot sun above 36°C, the leaves are scorched; below -6°C Stems will lose their growth function.
(5) Fertilizer ginseng is hi-fertilizer. Hi organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. The fear is that unfermented manure is applied and the soil lacks moisture after fertilization, causing ginseng to rot.
4 varieties
(1) Wild ginseng savage is called wild ginseng. Artificial cultivation called "Ginseng". Move the seedlings of wild ginseng to the field, or move the seedlings of the ginseng to the ginseng grown in the wild.
(2) The main cultivars of the cultivars are Da Ma Ya, Er Ma Ya, Yuan Li Lu, and Lu Lu. They are characterized by short and thick main roots, rapid growth, strong disease resistance, and high yield. The main root of the two horse teeth is slender, and the yield is slightly lower than that of the Malaysian teeth. Round-round round reeds and line reeds are plump and beautiful.
5 Cultivation techniques
5.1 Site Preparation
5.1.1 planting forestland
(1) Choose yew, eucalyptus, birch or other broad-leaved forests or hardwood mixed forests, shrubs to grow ginseng, old ginseng or wasteland can also be used. The soil should be well-drained, rich in humus, phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Forest ashing soil, live loess and granite weathering soil are preferred, and lime-foam soil and alkaline soil should not be used for planting. The mountain should be sunny, with a gradient of 10-35 degrees.
(2) Cut down the small and miscellaneous trees before and after the fall of the site, dig up the roots, cut the weeds, and pick out the shade materials. After the branches and firewood are dried and burned with fire, some pathogens and eggs can be burned and potassium and phosphate fertilizers can be added.
(3) The soil is filled with tree pits, and the humus layer is turned upside down in the direction of the radon. Afterwards, the soil was picked up and pests such as stones, tree roots, and golden worms were picked out, and the land was turned a second time. The roots must be cleaned. When the land was turned to the ground, it was ready for planting. However, it is better to turn the land before the ginseng for one year to let the soil idle for one year; or to plow the land in the late spring and early summer, and then carry out meticulous land preparation.
(4) Disinfect the soil with 75% nitrobenzene and 50% diureticin 7g per square meter before soil disinfection.
(5) Most of the slopes are hillsides. The appropriate "window" should be selected according to the terrain (in the direction facing the high side of the shed). North slopes are commonly used in Beijing; cold areas are suitable for Dongpo. The northwest slope is slightly worse and the south slope is not used. The hillside terrain is complex. You can set up a position first, take a small shelter test, and then determine the direction of the dragonfly. Then make the following: height 15-33cm, width 1-1.3m, length with the terrain, generally 20-30m. Leave a 1-2.7m track for daytime operation and ventilation. Slightly higher in the middle of the surface, slightly lower on both sides. At the same time, dig drains and outlets. Ditch depth and Loudi level, the width depends on the amount of rainfall.
5.1.2 Farmland cultivation parameters [word1] Farmland cultivation parameters change the traditional method of cutting forest ginseng. This will help protect forest resources while also reducing labor intensity. Farmland planted ginseng, the color of the ginseng is good, the pulp is full, and the active ingredients of the ginseng are high. The specific planting method is:
(1) The root crops should not be used for the selection of crops, but corn, soybeans, suzi, alfalfa, and amorpha should be preferred. Ph5.5-6.5 sandy loam or loam suitable for ginseng.
(2) Before fertilizing and planting soil, plowing 2-3 times to promote soil weathering, and smashing plant ash and fully deer-fertilized, pig manure, and sheep manure, sifting it with coarse sieve again, and applying it to the soil. Uniform and fine, fertilizer 20-30kg per square meter.
Viscous soil should be mixed with appropriate amount of fine sand to improve soil aeration. Soil disinfection, soil preparation, and bed production are the same as those in forest land.
5.2 Seeding Seedlings are propagated with seeds, 4-5 years old ginseng, Inflorescences have 40-50 florets, gradually opening from the edge to the inside, so the seed growth period is different, the embryo growth and development vary greatly. Therefore, although ginseng can be sown directly after seed production, in order to produce seedlings, seedlings will emerge quickly and good seedlings will be produced.
5.2.1 For the sparse flower selection, the plants with strong growth, strong stress resistance, many seeds and no pests should be selected. During the flowering period, the inner and outer florets of the inflorescence should be removed, and 25-30 florets with well-growth and middle growth should be reserved.
From mid-July to mid-August, mature dark-red fruits are harvested, peeled, and immature seeds and impurities are rinsed with water. Seeds of white, large, full, and disease-free spots are selected. In areas with warmer climates, the seeds of the same seeding year can be used. However, in areas where the climate is relatively cold, it is difficult to emerge in the second year, and it is generally more likely to emerge in the third year. Therefore, in these areas, the seeds harvested last year were sown in June, and germination should be conducted before sowing.
5.2.2 Germination
(1) For outdoor priming, choose a place with a good leeward and well-drained area. Dig 22cm deep flat-bottomed earth pits, depending on the length and width of seeds. Place a wooden box with no bottom in the pit, or embed wood around the pit. . After digging the drainage ditch, soak the dried seeds with room-temperature water for 24-48 hours, take them out, and water them in proper amount. Mix it evenly with 2-3 times of sand, and pour it into the pit to cover 15cm thick soil, such as tile-shaped backs. Cover with a curtain of curtains or a shade shed to prevent exposure and rain showers. The temperature is controlled at 20-25 °C. Mix once every half month and add water as appropriate. After 2-3 months, the seed is split and planted.
(2) The indoor germination method is approximately the same as the outdoor germination method. The difference is that the seeds are placed in a bottomed wooden box for easy handling. After about two months, the seeds can be sown that they can be sown.
5.2.3 Before seed sowing, soak seeds with 10% garlic juice for 12 hours; or infiltrate with 1% formalin for 10 minutes; incinerate with carbendazim 500 times for 2 hours; invade with Bordeaux mixture; Soak for 15 minutes. Wash with clean water. The Bordeaux mixture is prepared by formulating a blue coloring solution of copper sulfate 1kg, quicklime 1kg, and water 120kg. First use a small amount of water to turn the lime into milk of lime, then slowly pour into the copper sulfate solution, and continue to stir and serve. With the use, stir well.
5.2.4 sowing time
(1) Spring sowing seeds sown by germination from mid-April to early June.
(2) Seed collected or stored in the same year of summer sowing in July-August. Dried seeds were soaked with fresh water for 24 hours before sowing.
(3) Seed sowing seeds in autumn before sowing in September to above freezing.
5.2.5 Method of sowing
(1) Spread about 4cm deep to open the ditch, spread the seeds evenly, fill with fine soil, use 20-25g per square meter.
(2) Drill the trenches horizontally in the surface of the plant, broadcast 6cm, broadcast distance 10-14cm, cover soil 3-4cm, use 20-25g per square meter.
(3) On demand, dig a hole with a spacing of 3cm3cm or 5cm5cm, 1-2 seeds per hole, 4cm earth covering, 15-20g per square meter.
After sowing, lightly suppress with wooden board. Summer and autumn on-demand should cover corn stalks or straw, and then press 10-15cm of soil.
5.2.6 Transplanting
(1) There are two methods to adopt more years: first, transplanting for 3 years and harvesting for 4 years; second, transplanting for 2 years and harvesting for 6 years.
(2) Time to fall before transplanting before freezing. At specific times, according to the climatic conditions of each region, it is flexible to avoid high temperatures and avoid cold currents. Because the temperature is high, the planting plants are prone to germination and susceptibility to disease; and the plants are susceptible to cold and sudden frostbite, resulting in lack of seedlings. After thawing in the spring, the buds have been transplanted without germination. In the first half of transplanting, ginseng bed was poured. However, in spring, the temperature is high, the wind is large, the soil is dry, and the overwintering buds are easily damaged. Therefore, many are not used.
(3) Method carefully plan the seedlings and put it in a wooden box to prevent the sun from getting windy. Select healthy and disease-free pests, divided into large, medium, and small three transplants. If mixed seedlings of different specifications are used, large seedlings will prevent the growth of young seedlings and cause a reduction in yield. Before planting, the shoots were inoculated with 1:1 120 Bordeaux mixture for 10 minutes, or soaked with 50% carbendazim 500 times for 15 minutes.
Slopes are planted from the bottom up, open the ditch with a plow board, and 6-7cm deep. The ditch should be flat, and the seedlings should be placed in the ditch flat so that the head will face downhill and the root will not bend.
Flatland species are similarly planted on hillside lands, and most of them use oblique planting. That is, 30 to 45 degrees of seedlings are planted in soil. Plant spacing and depth of cover, depending on the years of transplanting, the size of the seedlings, and the fertility of the soil.
5.3 Field Management
(1) After thawing out the cold-proof soil, when the wintering buds are sprouting, remove the cold-resistant grass and the cover soil above it, and then use a hoe or two-tooth rake to loosen the topsoil and push the flat-slide flatly so as not to bruise the roots and buds.
(2) Establish a shade shed before erecting the shed. The height of the shelter should be based on the climate and the size of the plant. 1-3-year-old seedlings, the upper part of the front pillar is 80-100cm, the post pillar is 70-80cm; the 4-6 years old, the front pillar is 100-110cm, the rear pillar is 80-90cm, the other 50cm Into the soil. The difference between the front and rear squats is about 30cm, which makes the roof form a certain slope. The shelter must be firm and the wind blows. When the seedlings reach 2/3, cover the roof. Generally, double-span sheds (also called simple sheds) are erected, that is, they are made from sorghum stalks or reeds, jingba, tree stalks, etc. The advantages are that raw materials are saved, the yield is high, and the quality is good. It is also possible to erect a full shade shed, that is, to cover the grass curtains and reed curtains on the roof so that the roof is not light-permeable.
(3) Picking buds to reduce nutrient consumption and promote the accumulation of more effective components in the roots, and to remove all buds in time. The buds are shipped back for processing.
(4) Weeding and weeding Weeding 3-4 times a year. The first time with the removal of cold grass.
(5) The cultivated ginseng has strong yang ginseng, and the plants growing on the side of the pods are outgrowing, putting out the arbours, being exposed to the sun and rain, and causing diseases and even death. Therefore, it should be pushed back into the shade and compacted.
(6) Drought-relief ginseng is afraid of drought and is afraid of embarrassment. Therefore, timely drainage should be based on rainfall and soil moisture. During drought, sooner or later use a watering can to sprinkling water on the surface, or ditch irrigation, and pour it into the soil to form a mass and sprinkle it. Spring water shortage affects the whole year's growth and development, and autumn drought also affects the roots to accumulate nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out spring irrigation in a timely manner and carry out conservation. During the rainy season, we must drain water in a timely manner to prevent rainwater from accumulating and polluting, resulting in excessive soil moisture and poor ventilation.
(7) Fertilization After the emergence of seedlings in early May, combine the loose soil with a ditch to apply sufficient manure, such as manure soil, and apply 2.5-4 kg/m2 to cover the soil. In case of drought, watering should be done in time to prevent burning of slush roots. Can also be top-dressing 2% of phosphate fertilizer: Use superphosphate 1kg, add water 5kg, infiltrate bubble for 24 hours, filter out sediment, and then add 45-50kg of water. In the early morning or evening of June-August, the sprayed fertilizer is used to spray the formulated fertilizer on the leaf surface, spraying it 2-3 times a year. In addition, "5406 Fungal Fertilizer" can be applied. "5406 Bacterial Fertilizer" consists of 10 parts of humus soil and 1 part of bean cake powder, which is made by contaminating seeds and can increase the available phosphorus in the soil.
(8) Make up for seedlings in autumn. If the seedling is lacking due to disease, it shall be supplemented by disinfecting the soil.
(9) Before wintering and freezing, the grass shall be covered with grass and pressed soil; when the spring comes out, the temperature is suddenly reduced, and the seedlings have not yet been excavated; Around the reference site, especially the wind block, wind barriers should also be erected. In addition, it is necessary to remove the snow water in time so as not to invade the roots and cause the rot to die.
6 Pest control
6.1 Major Diseases and Prevention
6.1.1 Blight
(1) Hazard, also known as "rebirth disease", is one of the major diseases of the ginseng seedlings. It mainly harms the underground stems, causing serious deaths of the seedlings.
(2) The color of the symptoms of the disease is lightened, and it is yellowish-brown. The tissue of the affected area is softened, dehydrated and thinned, causing symptoms of strangulation, some wilting, and some of them dying. At the same time, most seedlings begin to rot.
(3) Disease conditions The pathogenic bacteria in the soil of the original bacteria or sclerotium overwintered. When the soil temperature in the late spring was appropriate, the infected plants began to germinate and spread to the surrounding areas gradually. The bacteria can survive in the soil for 2-3 years. It is extremely easy to occur under low temperature conditions. From the beginning of June to the middle of the month, it usually begins. From late June to early July, it is the peak period. In mid-July, it basically stops.
(4) Prevention and control methods First, strengthen field management, diligently loosen soil, and increase soil temperature in the bed; secondly, remove the diseased plants and burn them in a timely manner at the early stage of disease; thirdly, use 200-fold of 70% pentachloronitrobenzene. Liquid or carbendazim 400 times solution was used to irrigate the wards. Wash the ginseng leaf with water immediately after irrigation to prevent disease. Before sowing, 200 times liquid chloronitrobenzene was sprayed on the surface of the medlar. The dosage was 20 kg per square meter.
6.1.2 Black spot
(1) Harm, also known as spot disease, damages the entire plant. The main disease is leaf, which is one of the more serious diseases. As a result, ginseng production is reduced and seeds are not received.
(2) Symptoms of melasma mainly occur in the leaves, followed by stems, flowers, pedicels, and fruits. In the early period of the victim's leaf, there were nearly circular or irregular water invading spots, which gradually expanded into dark brown large spots. The middle of the spots became yellow-brown in the middle, and dried and easily broken. The lesion gradually spreads to the entire blade, causing the blade to die. The spotted stem on the stem is initially oval-shaped, yellow-brown, and then stretches upwards and downwards. The middle depression becomes black, and a layer of black moldy material is formed on the stem, which is the pathogenic bacterial fruit body, resulting in lodging of the stem, commonly known as "pulling rod". When the fruit is victimized, brown spots appear on the surface, and the fruit is dried up, commonly known as "slinger."
(3) Incidence of conditions Ginseng black spot, which usually begins in early June, occurs from mid-June to late July, and basically stops in late August. In the rainy season, when the weather is high in humidity, the disease is very popular. The most suitable temperature for pathogenic activity is 18-25 °C, and the climate is less severe.
(4) The first method of prevention and treatment is to timely remove the diseased leaf, remove the diseased plant, and eliminate it centrally; secondly, after the summer, hang curtains, regulate sunlight, and reduce the disease; Third, choose to leave the disease-free seeds; Fourth, Seed disinfection. The ginseng was soaked in 1% formalin solution for 10 minutes, and then the residual solution of the ginseng was rinsed immediately with fresh water. Fifth, 50% of the bleeding agent was sprayed on the leaves of the exhibitor at 1000 times, or sprayed with Zinc Wettable powder 500 times, spray once every 7 days.
The above drugs should be used alternately to prevent the germs from developing drug resistance. Rainy days shorten the spraying interval. If there is rain after spraying, the rain stops before spraying. High temperature and drought should not be sprayed Bordeaux multi-solution.
6.1.3 Blight
(1) Hazard, also known as wet rot and "hand toweling," is one of the serious diseases of the ginseng adult plant. Each year has a different degree of occurrence. In severe cases, it causes a large area of ​​reduced production.
(2) Symptoms mostly damage the leaves, stems and roots of the ginseng from 4 to 6 years old. After the leaves are damaged, water-stained dark green patches appear. The sick stems and petioles show dark green depressions and long spots. After the infection of the roots, it gradually softened and rotted, showing a brownish-brown color, with a stench of stench, a yellow-brown pattern in the root, and the root bark was easily peeled off. The leaves of the diseased plants resemble the scald of hot water and wilted, so that the whole plant withered and died.
(3) Occurrence conditions occur in the high temperature and high humidity season. From July to August, the temperature was high, rainfall was high, soil and air were high in humidity, and the air in the bed was not conducive to air and light transmission. The epidemic was extremely prevalent. High temperature and rainy weather are extremely rampant.
(4) Prevention and control methods First, remove diseased leaves at any time, centralize burning or deep burial; secondly, timely weeding the soil to keep the soil air and light, digging the drainage ditch during the rainy season, and draining water during flooding; third, the outbreak During the period, every 7-10 days, spray once 1: 1: 120 Bordeaux mixture, or spray 2-3 times enemies 500-1000 times, and 800-1000 times. Rainy days increase spray times appropriately.
6.1.4 Rust
(1) Harm, also known as rot disease, red rust, mainly harms roots, pods and stem bases. Rust occurs more commonly. From seedlings to all-year-olds, emergence from early spring to autumn withered plants, can occur throughout the growing period, and is one of the most difficult diseases to solve.
(2) Symptoms Rust mainly infects underground rhizomes, buds, and roots. The diseased tissues were tan-colored dots, gradually expanded or merged into rust-like lesions that were nearly round, oval, and irregularly shaped, and the boundaries between healthy and diseased areas were distinct. In severe cases, the lesions become contiguous and penetrate into the internal tissues, causing dryness or a complex soft disease; the above-ground parts eventually exhibit short stature, the leaves do not spread, and red or yellow-brown spots appear on the leaves so that they all turn red and wither. death.
(3) Incidence of rust disease except for freezing, occurs throughout the year. The infection usually starts in early May, and the onset of disease is June to July. Humidity of the soil is large, and the humus layer is deep. The greater the age, the more severe the disease is.
(4) Prevention and control methods: first, rotation with grass crops; second, rotation of water and drought, flooding the land before planting; third, removing the diseased plants, digging the diseased soil, disinfecting 30-60 g of lime per hole, and backfilling New soil; Fourth, the timely drainage and flood prevention in the rainy season; Fifth, during the onset period, water the roots of the diseased plants with 50% carbendazim 500-1000 times solution or 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000-2000 times solution; At the time, the roots were invaded with 65% Zeoxin 100 times for 10 minutes.
6.1.5 Sclerotinia
(1) The disease mainly damages the roots of ginseng, mostly occurring in low-lying lands and shaded areas with high humidity on slopes or downhill slopes.
(2) The disease mainly occurs in roots more than 4 years old, and it damages buds, roots and rhizomes. After infection of the roots, the interior was softly rotted, with a little white fluffy mycelium initially, and irregular black rat sac-like sclerotia formed later. The corruption of internal organization in the latter period disappeared, leaving only the skin. The disease is extremely fast and difficult to identify early. The early part of the ground is almost the same as the healthy one. When the plants are withered, the roots are already rotted.
(3) Incidence of disease The disease occurs during the period from the thawing of the soil to the emergence period, and it basically stops after 6 months. Mainly in spring and autumn low temperature and humidity, low-lying, poor drainage, poor ventilation, prone to disease. Spreading can cause ginseng to die.
(4) Prevention and control methods First, select well-drained, topographically high-dry plots to plant ginseng, dig wells, prevent peach blossoms, and make loose soil earlier; second, use 1% copper sulfate solution for bed surface disinfection before emergence; 10-15g of Sclerotinia or carbendazim per square meter was used for disinfection in transplanting sites. Third, timely removal of diseased plants, and disinfection of diseased holes with quicklime or 1%-5% lime milk; Fourth, reference may be made to rust. Rot control methods.
6.1.6 Erythroderma
(1) Hazard, also known as water rust, mainly damages ginseng root bark.
(2) Ginseng, a disease-sensing ginseng, whose root bark turns to yellow-brown, thickens and hardens the epidermis, gradually recovers from light, cracks on the epidermis, roots withering, stems and leaves wilting, and roots rot.
(3) The low incidence of disease conditions, water accumulation, soil compaction, and high content of divalent iron and manganese are important causes of the disease.
(4) Prevention and control methods First, the seeds are cultivated in the early spring of the year or 1 year in advance, so that the soil is fully corroded, the permeability is enhanced, the divalent iron is converted into trivalent iron, and the second, the activity under the black soil is The loess turns up and mixes, or mixes 1/4 or 1/3 live loess in the black humus soil; Third, make a high bed lowly, pay attention to the drainage; Fourth, work loose soil, prevent the soil from binding.
6.1.7 Anthrax
(1) The damage is mainly caused by the ginseng seedlings and adult leaves. The new area is generally lighter and the old area is heavier.
(2) The disease is mainly caused by anthrax, followed by stems and fruits. At the beginning of the lesion, small round dark green spots appeared on the leaves and gradually enlarged. The spots are yellowish-brown in the edges, yellowish-white in the middle, and thin and transparent, easily broken into holes. The lesions are mostly small, with a diameter of 2-5mm and a maximum of 15-20mm. Severe diseased leaf spots are numerous and dense. Leaves often have petiole shed from the plant. When the anthrax is severe, all the leaves on the plants can be shed and the plants are thin and unable to grow normally.
(3) Incidence of illness The disease can occur throughout the year, with severe performance from July to August. The occurrence of the anthrax and the spread of it are favourable in the rainy and humid seasons. The optimum temperature is 25°C, the maximum temperature is 30°C, the minimum temperature is 10°C or more, and the temperature stops falling below 10°C in the fall.
(4) Control methods First, use disease-free seeds, disinfect before sowing, use 1% formalin solution, infiltrate for 10-15 minutes, remove with water and then sow or germinate; Second, under the cold After soil, use 1% copper sulfate or 50% carbendazim 200 times for bed surface disinfection; thirdly, adopt flower arrangements and curtains to adjust transparency, prevent leakage from shelters, and install wind barriers at windward entrances. All can reduce the ginseng susceptibility rate; Fourth, the use of chemical control, the method can refer to the spot disease prevention and control method.
6.2 Major Insect Pests and Prevention
6.2.1 Golden needles
(1) Harm is also referred to as a beetleworm. Chest-bored and adult goldworms are more common. The spring larvae bite roots and tender stems, causing the plants to fall flat and die.
(2) After the thawing of living habits in April, the golden threadworms began to move. Generally, there are more low-lying, moist and fertile soil plots. When the bed soil temperature is 8-10°C, the larvae can move horizontally and vertically to bite the stems and ginseng roots, resulting in the withering and death of the reference plants.
(3) Prevention and control methods First, when the bed was set in the site preparation, the soil was disinfected with 700 times solution of phosphorus phosphonate EC. Can also be used 0.05% or 0.1% trichlorfon powder dubbed poisonous soil to kill, or infusion of dipterex liquid 700-1000 times liquid; Second, bait trapping. When pests are found after emergence, they will cook the millet to a half-cooked state, remove and cool it slightly, and then mix it with 5% red locust and throw it into the bed for sedation. Third, use a black light, lantern, or lamp to seduce the adult and place the container under the lamp. Water, drip a small amount of kerosene; Fourth, use 1/1000 seed, add 75% phoxim EC to seed; Fifth, use 90% dipterex 1000 times or 75% octanoic acid 700 times, irrigation Plant roots affected by insect pests; Sixth, stir fry 5 kg of wheat bran, mix in 50 g of chlordane EC, add appropriate amount of water, and make a bait. In the evening, pests infested with insect pests were trapped.
6.2.2 è¼è›„
(1) The hazards are also known as diarrhea and earthhounds, which mainly damage the ginseng seedlings. Nymphs and adults bite off the ginseng seedlings.
(2) Living habits After the soil was thawed in late April, the adults started their activities. May-June is a period of activity. Adults lurked in the soil during the day, came out at night, bite the roots of the ginseng roots and young stems, and drilled many holes in the bed in July. The seedlings were separated from the soil and withered and died. They were generally low-pitched and wet, and the soil was fertile. .
(3) Prevention and control methods First, the use of mature farmyard fertilizers as base fertilizer; Second, low-lying wetlands and new land reclamation and deforestation, to do a good job of soil treatment, planting and planting using every year soil. 150g of cooked Suzi per square meter was used to cool it slightly. 2 grams of trichlorfon were thrown into the soil and then sown or transplanted. Third, bait trapping was used. Use cooked bran 5kg, add 5kg of water, add 1.5% of 1605 powder or 1kg of chlordane 50g, and mix well. After 4-5 o'clock in the afternoon, a small amount of wheat bran is sprinkled into the pot and trapped. The rate is higher.
6.2.3 蛴螬
(1) Hazard, also known as Hundreds of Silkworms, is a larvae of the beetle, which is mainly harmful to ginseng seedlings and roots.
(2) Habitat larvae The larvae start their activities in mid-June. They bite into the roots and young shoots in the soil and cause serious broken shoots. After July, we dived underground.
(3) The first method of prevention and control is to use dipterex powder, apply 10-15g per square meter, mix well with 30 times fine soil, sprinkle on the surface, then pour on the bed; second, when it is severe after emergence, it can be poured Trichlorfon 700-1000 times, killing rate is high.
6.2.4 Tiger
(1) The hazards are also known as cutworms, cutworms, wide distribution, and eating habits. The common ginseng pests are the three small tigers, yellow tigers and earth tigers. The larvae are involved in stem and ginseng roots, and often cut the tender stems from a height of about 3cm above the ground, and continue to invade plants, resulting in severe defoliation.
(2) Habitats The larvae bite out the ginseng seedlings from mid-June to mid-July with a nocturnal activity. Low-lying plots are heavier.
(3) Control methods First, poisonous soil kills. Using 2.5% trichlorfon powder 1 kg, finely ground 15kg, evenly mixed to produce poisonous soil, and was thrown into the ginseng row at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. The killing result was good. Second, bait trapped and put fried bean cake 2kg. , Add 2.5% of trichlorfon agent 1kg, add water and mix well, and spread it into the row with a handful of herbs. The killing rate can reach 90%.
6.3 Rat Damage and Prevention
6.3.1 Field mouse
(1) Harm is also called the chinchilla, squirrel. After the bed was thawed in early spring, the inverted hole in the bed was bitten and roots were found; some were digging holes in the sowing ground to make nests, and the seeds in the bed were found, resulting in lack of seedlings. When the ginseng fruit matures, it feeds a large amount of seeds and steals a large amount of fruit.
(2) Method of killing First, when the snow melts in the early spring, the winter voles that are hungry for a winter see a large amount of food swallowed, and they can take this opportunity to launch bait traps. Use 5kg of freshly cooked cornmeal cake, cut it into thin slices and fry it well, then mix and mix 250g of zinc phosphide on the side of the bed to seduce; or fry the cooked cornmeal or bean cake 15kg, 100g red clams, mix and add some water, The small squid hunted the field mice on the ground or on the work track. You can also use 0.05%-0.1% of the enemy mouse sodium salt, or 0.05% of warfarin bait, trapping in the rat hole or field side.
6.3.2 Rats
(1) Harm is also known as "flower budworm", and sometimes the rats spend their time in groups around the bed. When the ginseng fruit has just formed, the mouse starts to feed. When the ginseng seed matures, it will eat all the seeds of the ginseng.
(2) Method of killing: First, dig out a 2m wide empty zone around the reference zone. Before the formation of the fruit, sprinkle an irritating agent on the hole to keep the rat away from the garden. Secondly, Rats were killed by the method of trapping and killing with poisonous rodents. Thirdly, rats were induced with a small amount of alcohol and killed by rat-claw, pressure beaters or sand robbers.
6.3.3 Mole Rats
(1) Hazard, also known as the scorpion rat, is often plunged into many holes in the bed, excavating a string of mounds, destroying the bed, and cutting off the roots.
(2) The first method of killing is to put a small can at the passageway, keep the tank mouth and the passage in the same plane, seal the tank mouth with hard paper, and cover with a small amount of fine soil, disguised as the channel, as the mole line On the mouth of the tank, it fell into the tank for killing. Second, the rat hole was opened on the windward side, and the wind was blown into the hole. A wooden stick marked above the hole. When the mole returned to plug the hole, the plug was blocked. Retired from the road to kill; Third, open the green onion and break into a certain amount of zinc phosphide, and then close it and wrap it with the onion leaves and put it into the hole. Then seal the hole door with soil and kill it.
Spicy Chilli Sauce,Beef Chili Sauce,Chicken Chili Sauce,Mushroom Chili Sauce
Ningxia Ningyang Halal Food Co., Ltd. , http://www.ningyangfood.com