In the cultivation of straw mushrooms, pest damage often poses a greater threat than bacterial infections and is more challenging to manage. The effectiveness of pest control directly impacts the yield of the crop. Severe infestations can lead to an unacceptably low harvest, making early detection and intervention crucial.
I. Mushrooms
Mushroom pests, also known as bacillary dysentery, fungal spiders, and aphids, are harmful to various types of edible fungi. Aphids feed on the mycelium, causing hyphae to shrink or disappear, which ultimately leads to failed cultivation. Common pests include pampas grasshoppers and mealworms. Since *M. edulis* is small and hard to spot with the naked eye, it often goes unnoticed until it forms a powdery mass. Infected culture materials, old mushroom houses, and contaminated strains are major sources of these pests.
Prevention is key in managing these pests. Mushroom houses should be located away from warehouses, feed rooms, and livestock areas. Cultivation materials should undergo secondary fermentation to reduce the risk of infestation. If an infestation occurs, the house should be treated with dichlorvos or schiolane before re-coating. A 500-times diluted acaricide can be sprayed or fumigated for 24 hours. As soon as small, flat, oval, white, yellow, or long-bristled pests are spotted, immediate action should be taken.
1. Fumigation: Place cotton balls soaked in dichlorvos on the surface of the growing medium and cover the bed with plastic. The volatile compound will fumigate the area effectively.
2. Spraying: Use a 1000-times diluted solution of omethoate (50%), a 1500-times diluted solution of chrysanthemum ester, or a 500-times diluted Kezi special spray. Spraying with a 400-times diluted detergent solution, applied 2-3 times, can also be effective.
3. Rapeseed Cake Trapping: Spread wet cloths on the affected areas and sprinkle freshly fried rapeseed cake over them. When the pests gather on the cake, remove the cloth and submerge it in water to kill the insects. Repeat this process until no more pests are found.
4. Sweet and Sour Liquid Trapping: Mix one part acetic acid, one part water, and 0.1 part sugar. Add 1-2 drops of DDVP and apply the mixture using a gauze strip or cotton. Wait for the pests to gather, then remove and dispose of the trap. Repeat until no more pests remain.
5. Fresh Bone Trapping: Place fresh pork bones on the bed where pests are active. When the pests gather, submerge the bones in water to kill them. Repeat this process several times until the bed is free of infestation.
II. Mushroom Fly
A drainage ditch should be installed around the mushroom field to prevent water accumulation. Regular spraying of 0.5% dichlorvos helps control fly populations. Secondary fermentation of the culture medium can kill larvae and eggs present in the material. Black light traps are also effective in capturing and killing adult flies.
III. Mosquitoes
Maintaining cleanliness in the mushroom house is essential. The cultivation site should be kept away from garbage dumps and decaying materials. After harvesting, old materials should be removed promptly. In severe cases, a 1000-times diluted trichlorfon solution can be used before or after mushrooming for prevention and control.
IV. Nematodes
The moisture content of the culture material must be strictly controlled at around 70%. Secondary fermentation is necessary to eliminate nematodes. Before planting, the area should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. A 1000-times diluted crystal trichlorfon solution can be sprayed on walls, floors, and beds to prevent infestations.
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