Technical Article: Introduction to Freeze Drying Technology and Equipment

Freeze-drying technology has been applied since the beginning of the last century. It has been used in food processing for decades in developed countries such as Europe and the United States. The principle is derived from the sublimation of water. By using this phenomenon, the hydrated material can be first frozen and then placed in a vacuum environment to sublimate the ice to achieve the purpose of drying. Since the material of this drying process is completed in a frozen state and an anoxic environment, there is no occurrence of shrinkage, crust and component loss and deterioration due to migration of liquid water to the epidermis, and some heat sensitive and easily oxidized brown. The variable composition will not change. By using this method to dry many foods, pharmaceuticals, biological products and other products, the original traits and components can be preserved relatively well, and can be stored for a long time at room temperature. The freeze-drying equipment is mainly composed of two parts: vacuum drying chamber and water trap, and is equipped with vacuum system, refrigeration system, heating system, defrost system, cooling system and control system. The pharmaceutical equipment is also equipped with hydraulic plugging system and extinction. Bacterial systems, larger food equipment with quick-freezers and material handling systems. According to different purposes, the freeze-drying equipment can be divided into two types: pharmaceutical equipment and food equipment. The former has a small scale, strict aseptic control, precise control of process parameters, high degree of automation, and high cost. The latter has a larger processing capacity and higher efficiency, and more emphasis is placed on the application of energy-saving technologies. Since the freeze dryer is a kind of drying equipment with high energy consumption, the dry food needs to be considered to reduce energy consumption and processing cost. Therefore, the application of energy-saving technologies and measures should be considered when designing, manufacturing and selecting. First of all, it should be ensured that the vacuum chamber is well sealed, the vacuum can quickly meet the requirements, and can be replaced by a small power vacuum pump, and can be automatically alternated to achieve energy saving. The refrigeration system consumes a lot of energy. It should be operated by high-efficiency heat exchange equipment. The insulation is reliable. At the same time, the advanced temperature cryogenic refrigeration technology and equipment should be used to increase the temperature difference between the ice interface and the frost-removing surface to increase the water-carrying speed and shorten the drying time. The heating system should ensure that each tray is heated evenly and the drying schedule is synchronized to reduce the ineffective drying time. The control system should function as a comprehensive adjustment, monitoring and automatic control. The domestic food freeze-drying equipment has been relatively perfect after more than ten years of development, basically reaching the level of imported equipment. The DT series freeze dryer made by Fushun is a more successful example in energy saving. With the advancement of technology, from the foreign situation, the food freeze dryer is developing in the direction of large-scale, continuous and automated.

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