Hippocampus sp. is a rare medicinal marine fish known as Southern Ginseng. As early as in the "Compendium of Materia Medica," there are evaluations, with the body to strengthen the kidney, strong heart gave birth, Sanqu law, anti-inflammatory fever, to stop bleeding to stop bleeding. Its wide use, large market, supply in the market. And the hippocampus grows quickly and has strong fertility. It is a breed that has a promising future. However, the current biological research on the hippocampus is not systematic enough. Although the breeding has been carried out in some areas, the breeding technology is still immature, especially the disease hazards are heavy. It is still necessary to continuously obtain new experiences in theoretical research and breeding practices. .
1. The biology of the hippocampus belongs to Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hippocamps. It is a small-sized fish in the shallow sea near the land. It has many species and is widely distributed. The seahorses have a crown in the sea area of ​​China. (H, coronatus), Hippocampus (H, histrix, H. kuda), H. trimaeutatus, H. kell 0ggi, and H. japonicus. The species are mainly the sea-horses and the sea horses, and are mostly sea-horse-farming.(1) Morphological characteristics The outer morphology of the hippocampus is similar between different species.
Spotted hippocampus body length is generally 10-17cm. The body is flat, the head is like a horse's head, and the abdomen is prominent. The trunk has a seven prism shape, a four-prism tail, and the tail is long and thin and curls to the ventral surface to hold seaweed and other habitats. The kiss is slender, tubular, with a very small mouth, located on the near side of the head. The head is at right angles to the driving cadre. The hippocampus has no scales and is completely surrounded by bone rings. The fish body is generally brown, but with changes in habitat, body color can change with it and tend to be consistent with the environment. The body side of the first, fourth and seventh body rings each have a black round spot, so it is called the three-spot hippocampus, which is the main feature of distinguishing this species. Male stomach has a special pouch organ - parenting bag.
The big sea horse has a thick body and a body length of 12 to 23.5 cm. The abdomen is more inflated and has a larger head, which is approximately a right angle. Small spines develop, and the kisses are thicker and have a darker body.
The Japanese hippocampus is smaller in size and 4.5 to 9 cm in length. The kiss tube is short. The abdomen is more inflated. On the body, the dorsal ridge spines are the most developed in each ring, and the dendritic lines are on the bones. When encountering enemy mimicry, this kind of thread will increase.
(a) Ecological habits
1. Inhabitation and movement of the hippocampus because of its mimic adaptation characteristics, habits are also more special, hi habitat in the algae or seaweed breeding subtropical zone. Very lazy, often with curly tails wrapped around the stems of seaweed, and sometimes upside down on floating algae or other objects, drifting. Even if temporarily leaving the entrapment for food or other reasons, after swimming for a distance, find other objects attached. The hippocampus swim posture is very beautiful, the fish body upright water, relying on dorsal fins and pectoral fins wave-like swing (10 times per second) for slow swimming (only up to 1-3m per minute). The activities of the hippocampus are usually more during the day (morning and afternoon), but they are still at night. When the water quality is deteriorated, oxygen is insufficient, or is attacked by predators, the seahorses often make giggles due to the contraction of the pharyngeal muscles. This signals the breeder to “sue for help,†but it also sounds when feeding on the surface of the water. the difference.
2. Adaptation to environmental conditions.
Water temperature: The appropriate temperature range of the hippocampus, generally between 12-32 °C, the optimum water temperature is 28. °C or so. The adaptability of several seahorses to water temperature is shown in Table 2-8.
Salinity: The seahorse is a wide-salinity fish and can live within the salinity range of 10 - 3 。. Primary seedlings have poor ability to adapt to salinity and generally require salinity above 15 。. In prolonged periods of low-salt conditions, pro-Hippocampus cannot reproduce normally, and salinity can be above 10‰. Dissolved Oxygen: Although the hippocampal motility is weak, the demand for oxygen in the water is very large. Generally, the dissolved oxygen is required to be above 3m1/L. If the dissolved oxygen is below 2.5ml/L, the hippocampus is trapped in anoxic condition. Its performance is generally reduced appetite, floating head, rapid breathing and sound, even hit, and finally Shen died at the end. The parental hippocampus and young seahorses have higher oxygen requirements.
Illumination: The hippocampus has certain requirements for light intensity. The light is too weak to be conducive to hippocampal activity and feeding. The long-time light is too weak, and the hippocampus has poor vision and even blindness. But also avoid direct sunlight. The light is too strong and algae multiply, often causing various diseases. The hippocampus has phototaxis, especially seedlings are more likely to phototaxis, and attention should be paid to the resulting death caused by partial hypoxia. The suitable illumination range of hippocampus is 3000-6000 ornamental fish rearing. Water transparency is about 1.5m. pH: The suitable pH of the seawater in the hippocampus is between 7.8 and 8.4.
3. Feeding Habits The hippocampus eats food by stretching and kissing, and the size of the bait does not exceed the kiss diameter. There is a certain degree of selectivity for the type and freshness of the bait. The seahorse's sighting distance is only about 1m, so the bait should be placed in the regular cluster. In the natural sea area, the hippocampus mainly eats small crustaceans, mainly including barramundi, vine-like barnacle larvae, shrimp larvae and adults, prawn, shrimp, and oyster shrimp. Under artificial rearing conditions, the effects of feeding on shrimp and cherry shrimp were the best, followed by foot and amphipoda. Freshwater cladocera can also be eaten, but care should be taken to avoid polluting the water due to rapid death in seawater.
The food intake of seahorses is closely related to water temperature and water quality. In the optimum temperature range, when the water temperature is high, the food intake is large and the digestion is fast. When the water quality is poor, the food intake decreases and even stops. Under normal conditions, the daily food intake of the hippocampus accounts for about 10% of the body weight. The hippocampus consumes a large amount of food at one time, and is also very resistant to hunger. The period from the primary seedlings to adult fishes can be up to 4-132 days.
(C) The growth rate of the hippocampus is relatively fast, and the size of the parental body can be reached only after a few months of raising from the seedlings. Of course, this also varies greatly depending on the species, and it is generally faster to grow in southern species. The lifespan of the hippocampus, under artificial breeding conditions, the sea motor more than 5 years, the body up to 18cm, spotted hippocampus up to 3 years; Japanese hippocampus more than 2 years, body length of about 8-9cm.
1. Male and female identification of the hippocampus of the male hippocampus has a parental sac (at the anal end), which is formed by the skin strokes extending from the left and right sides of the ventral surface when the first genital projection occurs, leaving only the end of the hole. The cloacal end of the female fish also swelled slightly during the oviposition period to form the genital papillae. In addition, the male hippocampus is generally slightly larger than the female.
2. Sexual maturation time The sexual maturation time of the hippocampus differs depending on the species, temperature and bait status. Several types of sea motor to sexual maturity, the general three-hippocampus is 4-10 months, the sea horse is 9-12 months, while the Japanese hippocampus is 3- 8 months. The same hippocampus fluctuates in the time range of sexual maturity, which is mainly related to water temperature. In the case of three-spotted hippocampus, under conditions of moderate temperature, fry born in May of that year will be able to breed by heat in October (about 5 months). And born in August, it is often the second year of 3 to 5 months before estrus reproduction. There are similar situations in other seahorses.
3. The reproduction rate of hippocampus varies greatly depending on the species and the nutritional conditions. In general, the adult ability of the hippocampus has the ability to reproduce, such as the three-hippocampus and the sea horses account for about 20-80%; Japan's hippocampus is 50-80%. Under good rearing conditions, the pro-horsemate can breed several times to more than a dozen children a year (April-November, Guangdong). The number of births per plant is generally from tens to more than a thousand, for example, the number of sea-horse and sea-horses are several hundred to 1,200. The number of sea-horses in Japan is about tens to four hundred. The hippocampus' first-time mature seedling production volume was small and gradually increased thereafter.
4. Breeding Period and Breeding Mode The breeding season of the southern Chinese hippocampus is generally from April to November, of which the period from June to September is the peak period and the highest peak is from July to July. The northern spawning period is later and the time is shorter. The water temperature in the breeding season is 20-28°C and the peak period is 26-28°C. The fry produced at this time is of good quality, high survival rate and rapid growth, while other seasons are poor. In the season when the water temperature is gradually rising, the fry is easier to breed than the seedlings that are falling. Therefore, in terms of production, early seedlings should be obtained every year to facilitate the growth of hippocampus.
During the breeding season, the sexually mature female and male hippocampus often estrus in the morning, both of which are chasing in parallel, swimming rapidly, and the melanin contraction on the surface has decreased and become yellow-white. After the excitement reaches the climax, the female and the male fish approach each other and move from the juxtaposition to the relative swimming. The male hippocampus bends toward the abdomen to open the mouth of the parental sac and receives the eggs from the female at the moment. Internal fertilization.
5. Development of fertilized eggs in the nursery cysts after 8 to 20 days of embryonic development, the final formation of the small hippocampus from the male brood sac output. Take the Japanese hippocampus as an example, its egg diameter is 1-1.5mm. The newly hatched larvae are approximately 3.5mm and the body ring has not yet appeared. When 5mm began to appear links. About 8mm larvae produce childcare sac. However, the development of the link has not yet been completed. There are only 4 individual rings and 3 tail ring protrusions. The process of producing larvae in hippocampus is also very interesting. The productive males are tightly wrapped around the seaweed, swinging upside down and up, and each time a small hippocampus is sprayed by opening the small hole that oppresses the parental sac. Sometimes it takes more than a dozen times to give birth to a small fish. The newly born small seahorse can independently curl on the nearby seaweed. The male hippocampus that has completed the seedlings quickly estrus.
1. The biology of the hippocampus belongs to Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hippocamps. It is a small-sized fish in the shallow sea near the land. It has many species and is widely distributed. The seahorses have a crown in the sea area of ​​China. (H, coronatus), Hippocampus (H, histrix, H. kuda), H. trimaeutatus, H. kell 0ggi, and H. japonicus. The species are mainly the sea-horses and the sea horses, and are mostly sea-horse-farming.(1) Morphological characteristics The outer morphology of the hippocampus is similar between different species.
Spotted hippocampus body length is generally 10-17cm. The body is flat, the head is like a horse's head, and the abdomen is prominent. The trunk has a seven prism shape, a four-prism tail, and the tail is long and thin and curls to the ventral surface to hold seaweed and other habitats. The kiss is slender, tubular, with a very small mouth, located on the near side of the head. The head is at right angles to the driving cadre. The hippocampus has no scales and is completely surrounded by bone rings. The fish body is generally brown, but with changes in habitat, body color can change with it and tend to be consistent with the environment. The body side of the first, fourth and seventh body rings each have a black round spot, so it is called the three-spot hippocampus, which is the main feature of distinguishing this species. Male stomach has a special pouch organ - parenting bag.
The big sea horse has a thick body and a body length of 12 to 23.5 cm. The abdomen is more inflated and has a larger head, which is approximately a right angle. Small spines develop, and the kisses are thicker and have a darker body.
The Japanese hippocampus is smaller in size and 4.5 to 9 cm in length. The kiss tube is short. The abdomen is more inflated. On the body, the dorsal ridge spines are the most developed in each ring, and the dendritic lines are on the bones. When encountering enemy mimicry, this kind of thread will increase.
(a) Ecological habits
1. Inhabitation and movement of the hippocampus because of its mimic adaptation characteristics, habits are also more special, hi habitat in the algae or seaweed breeding subtropical zone. Very lazy, often with curly tails wrapped around the stems of seaweed, and sometimes upside down on floating algae or other objects, drifting. Even if temporarily leaving the entrapment for food or other reasons, after swimming for a distance, find other objects attached. The hippocampus swim posture is very beautiful, the fish body upright water, relying on dorsal fins and pectoral fins wave-like swing (10 times per second) for slow swimming (only up to 1-3m per minute). The activities of the hippocampus are usually more during the day (morning and afternoon), but they are still at night. When the water quality is deteriorated, oxygen is insufficient, or is attacked by predators, the seahorses often make giggles due to the contraction of the pharyngeal muscles. This signals the breeder to “sue for help,†but it also sounds when feeding on the surface of the water. the difference.
2. Adaptation to environmental conditions.
Water temperature: The appropriate temperature range of the hippocampus, generally between 12-32 °C, the optimum water temperature is 28. °C or so. The adaptability of several seahorses to water temperature is shown in Table 2-8.
Salinity: The seahorse is a wide-salinity fish and can live within the salinity range of 10 - 3 。. Primary seedlings have poor ability to adapt to salinity and generally require salinity above 15 。. In prolonged periods of low-salt conditions, pro-Hippocampus cannot reproduce normally, and salinity can be above 10‰. Dissolved Oxygen: Although the hippocampal motility is weak, the demand for oxygen in the water is very large. Generally, the dissolved oxygen is required to be above 3m1/L. If the dissolved oxygen is below 2.5ml/L, the hippocampus is trapped in anoxic condition. Its performance is generally reduced appetite, floating head, rapid breathing and sound, even hit, and finally Shen died at the end. The parental hippocampus and young seahorses have higher oxygen requirements.
Illumination: The hippocampus has certain requirements for light intensity. The light is too weak to be conducive to hippocampal activity and feeding. The long-time light is too weak, and the hippocampus has poor vision and even blindness. But also avoid direct sunlight. The light is too strong and algae multiply, often causing various diseases. The hippocampus has phototaxis, especially seedlings are more likely to phototaxis, and attention should be paid to the resulting death caused by partial hypoxia. The suitable illumination range of hippocampus is 3000-6000 ornamental fish rearing. Water transparency is about 1.5m. pH: The suitable pH of the seawater in the hippocampus is between 7.8 and 8.4.
3. Feeding Habits The hippocampus eats food by stretching and kissing, and the size of the bait does not exceed the kiss diameter. There is a certain degree of selectivity for the type and freshness of the bait. The seahorse's sighting distance is only about 1m, so the bait should be placed in the regular cluster. In the natural sea area, the hippocampus mainly eats small crustaceans, mainly including barramundi, vine-like barnacle larvae, shrimp larvae and adults, prawn, shrimp, and oyster shrimp. Under artificial rearing conditions, the effects of feeding on shrimp and cherry shrimp were the best, followed by foot and amphipoda. Freshwater cladocera can also be eaten, but care should be taken to avoid polluting the water due to rapid death in seawater.
The food intake of seahorses is closely related to water temperature and water quality. In the optimum temperature range, when the water temperature is high, the food intake is large and the digestion is fast. When the water quality is poor, the food intake decreases and even stops. Under normal conditions, the daily food intake of the hippocampus accounts for about 10% of the body weight. The hippocampus consumes a large amount of food at one time, and is also very resistant to hunger. The period from the primary seedlings to adult fishes can be up to 4-132 days.
(C) The growth rate of the hippocampus is relatively fast, and the size of the parental body can be reached only after a few months of raising from the seedlings. Of course, this also varies greatly depending on the species, and it is generally faster to grow in southern species. The lifespan of the hippocampus, under artificial breeding conditions, the sea motor more than 5 years, the body up to 18cm, spotted hippocampus up to 3 years; Japanese hippocampus more than 2 years, body length of about 8-9cm.
1. Male and female identification of the hippocampus of the male hippocampus has a parental sac (at the anal end), which is formed by the skin strokes extending from the left and right sides of the ventral surface when the first genital projection occurs, leaving only the end of the hole. The cloacal end of the female fish also swelled slightly during the oviposition period to form the genital papillae. In addition, the male hippocampus is generally slightly larger than the female.
2. Sexual maturation time The sexual maturation time of the hippocampus differs depending on the species, temperature and bait status. Several types of sea motor to sexual maturity, the general three-hippocampus is 4-10 months, the sea horse is 9-12 months, while the Japanese hippocampus is 3- 8 months. The same hippocampus fluctuates in the time range of sexual maturity, which is mainly related to water temperature. In the case of three-spotted hippocampus, under conditions of moderate temperature, fry born in May of that year will be able to breed by heat in October (about 5 months). And born in August, it is often the second year of 3 to 5 months before estrus reproduction. There are similar situations in other seahorses.
3. The reproduction rate of hippocampus varies greatly depending on the species and the nutritional conditions. In general, the adult ability of the hippocampus has the ability to reproduce, such as the three-hippocampus and the sea horses account for about 20-80%; Japan's hippocampus is 50-80%. Under good rearing conditions, the pro-horsemate can breed several times to more than a dozen children a year (April-November, Guangdong). The number of births per plant is generally from tens to more than a thousand, for example, the number of sea-horse and sea-horses are several hundred to 1,200. The number of sea-horses in Japan is about tens to four hundred. The hippocampus' first-time mature seedling production volume was small and gradually increased thereafter.
4. Breeding Period and Breeding Mode The breeding season of the southern Chinese hippocampus is generally from April to November, of which the period from June to September is the peak period and the highest peak is from July to July. The northern spawning period is later and the time is shorter. The water temperature in the breeding season is 20-28°C and the peak period is 26-28°C. The fry produced at this time is of good quality, high survival rate and rapid growth, while other seasons are poor. In the season when the water temperature is gradually rising, the fry is easier to breed than the seedlings that are falling. Therefore, in terms of production, early seedlings should be obtained every year to facilitate the growth of hippocampus.
During the breeding season, the sexually mature female and male hippocampus often estrus in the morning, both of which are chasing in parallel, swimming rapidly, and the melanin contraction on the surface has decreased and become yellow-white. After the excitement reaches the climax, the female and the male fish approach each other and move from the juxtaposition to the relative swimming. The male hippocampus bends toward the abdomen to open the mouth of the parental sac and receives the eggs from the female at the moment. Internal fertilization.
5. Development of fertilized eggs in the nursery cysts after 8 to 20 days of embryonic development, the final formation of the small hippocampus from the male brood sac output. Take the Japanese hippocampus as an example, its egg diameter is 1-1.5mm. The newly hatched larvae are approximately 3.5mm and the body ring has not yet appeared. When 5mm began to appear links. About 8mm larvae produce childcare sac. However, the development of the link has not yet been completed. There are only 4 individual rings and 3 tail ring protrusions. The process of producing larvae in hippocampus is also very interesting. The productive males are tightly wrapped around the seaweed, swinging upside down and up, and each time a small hippocampus is sprayed by opening the small hole that oppresses the parental sac. Sometimes it takes more than a dozen times to give birth to a small fish. The newly born small seahorse can independently curl on the nearby seaweed. The male hippocampus that has completed the seedlings quickly estrus.
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