Edible mushroom cultivation facilities and facilities

The mushroom cultivation field is divided into two categories, namely, mushroom housing for agricultural production and mushroom housing for industrial production. About the state of our country's industrial development, about 95% of the output comes from the mushroom production of agricultural production. Here will detail the mushroom house construction of agricultural production.

The various types of construction facilities and gardening facilities used for agricultural production of edible fungi are collectively referred to as mushroom houses, including various mushroom houses, simple mushroom sheds, various types of greenhouse sheds and Yangshuo, various types of semi-basement mushroom sheds, and fungus sheds built on the ground. And arbours. The site selection for the construction of various mushroom and mushroom house sheds requires the ground to be flat, open, and dry, with good ventilation, and convenient drainage and irrigation. Environmental sanitation, no harmful gas, waste water, garbage and pollution sources, such as pesticide plants, chemical plants, printing and dyeing plants, electroplating factories, tanneries, etc., and away from unclean places such as livestock farms, garbage stations and composting yards, and production water sources Meet drinking water hygiene standards. For the species cultivated with fermented material, there must be enough space near the mushroom house for fermentation, and the fermentation plant should be separated from the mushroom house by at least 100 meters. There should be a building or a green belt in the middle to prevent the plant from being infected with pests and diseases. .

First, mushroom house. Mushroom houses are made of bricks and mud. Regardless of the type of construction material used, the walls and roof should be as thick as possible to reduce the effect of natural temperature on the temperature inside the mushroom house. Mushrooms generally sit north and south, 7-10 meters long, 6-7 meters wide, should not be too large. If the scale of production is large, the mushroom house should be partitioned into several partitions when it is built, and the doors should be opened independently to disinfect the insects. The north and south walls must be opened for windows. The windows should not be too large to control the temperature, humidity and light intensity of the mushroom house. Window screens should be installed in every window and door to prevent pest intrusion. The top of the roof is to open the air duct.

Mushrooms, bedsteads or other cultivation facilities can be set in the mushroom house depending on the type of cultivation.

Second, the greenhouse. The commonly used greenhouses for mushroom cultivation include three-fold greenhouses, semi-arched greenhouses, and solar greenhouses. Its construction materials are mainly bricks, soil, mud, steel, cement, bamboo rafts, bamboo strips, wood, straw curtains, plastic films and so on.

1. Three-fold greenhouse: The three-fold greenhouse wall is 1.75 meters high and the wall thickness is 0.24-0.37 meters. The gables and plastic roofs have the same height and are joined together. The greenhouse has a span of 6 meters, an opening of 3.0-3.3 meters, and a single room of 18-19.8 square meters. Each north wall has a 30-40 cm square ventilation hole and screens are installed. The glossy surface is three folds and it is 5.6 meters long.

2. Semi-arched circular greenhouse: On the north side is an earth wall spanning 4.5-5.0 meters. The back wall is 1.2-1.3 meters high and 0.5 meters thick. After the roof is supported by sandalwood and cormorants, the smooth surface is formed into a semi-arched circular surface using bamboo rafts or bamboo pieces as arches. The distance between the arches is about 30 cm. The arches are supported by three rows of columns. Between the column and the arch rod, use CP6 steel reinforcement or 8th iron wire as the pull wire, the pull wire and the top of the column are tightly fixed, leaving a vent hole for each back wall.

3. Solar greenhouse: The north side is a brick or earth wall. It can also use triadic soil. The ridge height is 2.0-2.2 meters, span is about 6 meters, and the lighting surface is inclined 30-35. The thickness of the north wall is 1.5 meters. Thinning, wall thickness 1 meter. If you use a brick wall, you need to build a hollow wall, fill in the middle with sawdust, rice hulls, and smashed straw, etc. The filling is practical and then sealed with mud. After the roof rake, about 10 centimeters thick glutinous rice straw should be laid on it, and then 5 centimeters thick mud should be filled. The lighting surface is made of wood with a diameter of 8 cm or a rough bamboo rake. The spacing is 1 m. The film is overlaid and a film is used outside the film. Curtains are made from a combination of rushes or rushes and reeds. The length is based on the fully covered roof and is 5 cm thick. In addition to the thicker northern wall in the solar greenhouse, other structures and construction methods are basically the same as those in other greenhouses.

All kinds of greenhouses can be used flue heating, flue can be brick, can also be replaced by tile, in order to facilitate the operation, the flue often located near the aisle. The stove is located in the pit outside the wall of the greenhouse, and the stove must be below the flue. After the coal is burned, the fire is increased through the fire exit to introduce the flue. Coal stoves should not be placed in greenhouses to prevent carbon monoxide and sulphides from combustion from affecting the growth and development of edible fungi. At the end of the flue, the chimney shall be erected to remove waste smoke, enhance heat convection, and increase the pumping power of the stove.

Third, small and medium arch shed and Yangshuo

1. The arch shed: The arch shed is generally 3-5 meters wide, 1.5-2.0 meters high, 10-15 meters long, and more south-facing, with two gables. The roof of the arch is made of bamboo scaffolds, and the cover is covered with a cover. Layer of plastic film, covered with grass outside the film, generally no heating equipment, relying on sunlight to increase temperature. In the growth and development of edible fungi, special artificial heating is required to temporarily set up the temperature of the flue gas furnace.

2. Small arch shed: The small arch shed is mainly made of fine bamboo poles, bamboo strips, Vitex negundo, or 8th lead wire, φ6-8 mm steel rods as supports, on 1.3-1.6 meters wide rafts, along every side, every 30-60 In order to insert the frame in centimeters, it is about 20-30 cm deep, bent into an arched skeleton and about 1 meter high. The length depends on the size of the plot, and the skeleton is covered with plastic film and straw.

3, Yangshuo improvement (half-arched arch): It is developed on the basis of a small arch. Its structure is that there is a earth wall on the north side of the shed, one end of the skeleton is inserted into the concrete, and the other end is inserted into the wall to form a semi-circular shape. The plastic film and straw curtain are covered outside the shed. The north wall has ventilation holes.

Fourth, even a large arch shed. The walled arch shed was developed on the basis of a plastic greenhouse. The sheds were facing east and west, and the north and east and west gables were made of soil and the south was arched with bamboo and wood to form a semi-arch, covered with plastic film and haystacks. This kind of greenhouse is more suitable for the growth of edible fungi than conventional plastic greenhouses. Its advantages are: a wind wall on the north side, good insulation properties, and strong support for semi-arched circular skeletons.

Fifth, half underground mushroom shed. The semi-basement mushroom shed is a good mushrooming facility in the relatively dry and cold northern regions. It can not only ensure the normal growth of edible fungi, but also save the cost of facilities, and is easy to manage. The advantages of the semi-underground mushroom shed are low cost, cool in winter and cool in summer, good ventilation, and strong heat preservation and moisturizing performance. The semi-underground mushroom shed has a sloped shape and a vaulted shape. Regardless of the type, the construction site must be dry.

1. A slope-shaped semi-basement mushroom shed: generally about 8 meters wide and 50 meters long, shovels earth with bulldozers on site, and launches a northern wall. The ground below the shed is about 0.8 meters above the ground surface, and the north wall is compacted and ventilated. hole. At the same time, the surface profile of the south side will be tapped to prevent the water and soil from pouring into the shed during the rainy season. Use steel or bamboo plate as a support and cover with plastic film and grasshopper.

2. Vault-shaped half-base mushroom shed: dig a rectangular deep trench on the ground. The trench is 3.5-4.0 meters wide, 20-30 meters long, and 1.2 meters deep. Conditions can be a layer of straw mud around the shed or a brick wall. The ground part was built into a 0.8-1.0-meter-high wall. The south and north walls were left with exhaust windows. They were arched with bamboo or steel bars and covered with plastic film and haystacks.

When constructing a semi-underground mushroom shed, pay attention to the following three points: First, the soil on which the shed is to be built must be clay or loam, and the best is clay. Sandy loam is not suitable for the construction of semi-underground mushroom sheds; second, the shed must be dug around the shed. In order to prevent summer water pouring into the shed; Third, the width of the mushroom shed should not be too large to avoid collapse.

Six, fungus shed. The use of the fungus shed began with the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms. In mushroom cultivation, small-scale decentralized production does not require the special construction of a fungus shed. It can be selected according to the local climatic conditions. Inoculation and germination can be selected at an appropriate time. The mushroom can be cultivated in situ, and free houses and other facilities can also be utilized. Facility bacteria. However, when large-scale enterprise production is carried out, the suitable inoculation period for the natural season is far from enough. In order to obtain a good bacteriostatic effect, a special fungus shed must be constructed. Of course, the large-scale production of other mushroom species uses a special germination shed, special mushroom house mushrooming, the cultivation effect will be much better than a system.

When constructing a special fungus shed or various greenhouses based on the original cultivated vegetables or edible fungi, it is necessary to pay full attention to the growth characteristics of the edible fungus and the stacking method of the bacteria. The main requirements are as follows.

1. Good heat preservation and wettability: The germination period requires a higher temperature than the mushrooming period. In addition, the temperature during the germination period during high temperature season should not be higher than the fruiting period. Therefore, the selection field should be higher and the walls should be thicker.

2, to facilitate the adjustment of the cover: cover a lot of features. Clever use of the cover can effectively regulate the temperature and humidity in the fungus shed, and at the same time, the light intensity can be adjusted. These factors are important environmental factors that affect the growth and development of edible fungi. The cover is not easy to adjust, and it is difficult to create an environmental condition suitable for edible bacteria. The ease of use or effect of the covering depends on the structure of the fungus shed, the material properties of the covering, the thickness, and the installation.

3, good ventilation: good ventilation is a guarantee of insulation and moisture. Especially in the high temperature and high humidity season, the ventilation is not enough, often causing bacteria temperature is too high and the relative humidity of the atmosphere is too high, which can easily lead to a variety of mold breeding. Good ventilation can effectively reduce humidity and humidity. Therefore, the design of the fungus shed is higher than that of the mushroom shed and leaves two windows up and down.

4. Avoiding sand: The spores in the air are often attached to dust. Too much dust in germination sites will greatly increase the risk of bacterial contamination. Therefore, in the relatively dry, windy northern parts of the country, under the premise of satisfying the ventilation of the bacteria shed, we must also prevent sandstorms to reduce pollution.

The construction and structure of the fungus shed is basically the same as that of all types of greenhouses, except that the terrain is selected to be higher, the ceiling should be higher, the ventilation window should be two layers up and down, and the coverage can be adjusted more easily.

Seven, shade. The main role of the arbours is to shade and cool down, and they can be used in all seasons and regions. The basic structure of the arbour is to excavate in-situ to form an earth wall or to build a brick wall. The wall is generally 1-1.5 meters high. There is a 20-50 cm high overhead spacing between the wall top and the ceiling cover to facilitate ventilation. Cool down. Inside the pillars, the top cover is covered with straw or grass curtains and bamboo, etc. The thickness and shape of the top cover can be adjusted at any time according to different seasons and production needs, such as thickening in summer and adding a layer in winter. The grass covered with plastic film is used to increase the temperature, and the distance between the top of the wall and the ceiling can be adjusted at any time in different seasons. Such arbors are suitable for cultivating mushroom in winter and spring in North China and Central Plains, suitable for cultivating oyster mushrooms and columnar cephalocephalus in summer and autumn, and Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus eryngii for early spring and autumn.

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