In northern regions, especially in the areas north of the Great Wall, forced defoliation for harvesting to early frost is very short, and the growth period is basically in the above-mentioned first stage and second stage. Summer pruning and fertilizer management can be summarized as "control - release - control" three periods.
(1) Control: The summer pruning before fruit setting is based on strict control of vegetative growth, such as eradicating useless buds and eliminating useless shoots.
(2) Placement: After fruit set up, some auxiliary leaves should be placed in accordance with the condition of the leaf curtain on the shelf to form a situation where the unit land area can accommodate the largest amount of functional leaves. Good fruit quality should be based on functional leaves with a certain leaf area. Taking scaffolding as an example, in northern semi-arid areas and arid areas, the light is sufficient, and the amount of leaf remaining can be larger. The leaf surface coefficient (that is, the number of leaf area per square meter of shelf area) is about 2.5-3.0, and the north is semi-humid. The area is 2.0-2.5; in most areas in the south, the lighting conditions are poor, and 1.5-2.0 is appropriate. The barriers can receive light on both sides, and the shelving whose shelf surface coefficient is greater than one side can increase the leaf surface coefficient 0.5-1.0. When placing the articles, according to the principle of “seeing the leaves on the sub-tips,†the leaves should be placed or kept at a small density, and the dilute parts should be placed so that the leaves on the racks are evenly distributed. Flower shadow."
Usually there are three methods to treat shoots on the shoot: The first is to remove the sub shoots under the ear, and leave 1-2 leaves on the side of the top of the ear. Repeatedly topping the control, the apex extends the axillary leaves a little more. However, it is also necessary to repeatedly exercise control. The second is that in addition to the apical one to two apical shoots leaving leaves and repeated control, the shoots on both sides of the shoot and the prolonged auxiliary shoots are erased. The production is called “one-stopâ€. Or "two dragons" summer cut method. The third kind is to gradually wipe out all the summer shoots and shoots to induce the buds of the tip of the buds to germinate. Since the number of new shoots and the growth of new shoots per unit shelf may not be very uniform, it is not possible to use the above-mentioned one-side shoot processing method alone when placing the auxiliary tip after fruit set. According to the distribution of the surface of the leaves, the flexibility should be mastered in order to obtain the good effect of accommodating the largest amount of functional leaves per unit area of ​​land.
(3) Control: From the beginning of coloring to harvesting, the vegetative growth should be in a weak state through fertilizer and water management and summer pruning so that photosynthetic nutrition can concentrate on the fruit. For the new shoots that have not yet stopped growing, the tender tips should be promptly removed to reduce nutrient consumption so as to ensure the good development and normal coloring of fruits.
In the southern region, especially in regions with an average annual temperature of 18°C ​​or more, such as Fujian and Guangdong provinces, a late-maturing variety such as Kyoho has been harvested in July, and it is very important to supplement 1-3 times of post-harvest fertilizer. Tip, it is very necessary to increase post-harvesting functional blades. In this type of area, frost did not occur until January of the following year, nor was it frost-free throughout the year. During the winter, the temperature was high and the plant respiration was strong. The root system can always absorb water, regardless of when the pruning occurred in winter. In the 8-to-December total of 5 months of growth time, should be appropriate in the first half of their shoots and supplementary fertilizer materials to increase tree storage nutrition to ensure safe winter plants.
2. Tree stabilizing technology
(1) Optimum tree phases and their indicators: Stable tree vigor can achieve high yield, stable production, and high quality. It is required that the tree has the best tree vigor at each stage of its annual development, namely, the best tree phase. Such as the state of germination, the length of new shoots, maturity, the size of the leaves, color and so on. Japan has carried out many years of research work on the tree-phase and stable tree-trend technology of Kyoho Group grapes.
(2) The tree phase standards that are conducive to fruit setting: The new shoots grow long and prosperous before flowering and flowering. The leaves are large and the leaves are dark. It indicates that the tree vigor is too busy. If there are no strict summer cut control measures, the fruit drop is serious. According to the data of Japan (Nagano Prefecture), the best indicator of tree-setting is: the second new shoot below the extended shoot on the horizontal scaffold, the shoot length is 40-60 cm, and the second leaf on the inflorescence (base number About the seventh leaf), the leaf area is 110-130 cm 2 , and the growth rate of the new shoots after 50 days of flowering accounts for 85%. According to Xie Deren's survey, the tree indexes of China's Kyoho group breeds are generally higher than those of Japan. The reasons are as follows:
In China, small trees are used, summer pruning is more rigorous, especially before and after flowering, all of the results were taken before the shoots were freshly picked, the shoots were repeatedly picked up on the shoots, and other control measures for the growth of shoots were taken. Strong results new branches can get more than a big plump ears.
Second, in the production of the Jufeng Group in most regions, the main goal is to pursue high production. Due to the limited level of consumption, high quality has not been mentioned in a considerable number of regions, and high yields will inevitably affect flower bud differentiation, nutrient storage, and spring flower organ supplementation. According to Japan's proposed golden mean index to measure the inflorescence of a similar shoot in the Kyoho high-yield garden in northern China, the performance of the inflorescence is less, smaller and weaker, and the spike of fruit set is not ideal.
In view of the above, based on the principle of simplification, the Koshihikari tree index that is beneficial to fruit set-up is when it is topping before flowering (2 to 3 days before the beginning of flowering), and most of the results of one tree are the shoots of the Middle Ages. About 70 centimeters in length or about 60 centimeters or 50 centimeters in the tree.
Other indicators, such as leaf size, leaf weight, base to 7-node length, were positively related to shoot length at the beginning of flowering stage.
(3) Indicators of tree phase that are conducive to quality: The quality of the fruit mainly depends on sugar content and coloration. It has been observed that in the coloring phase, the leaf color is dark green, and the number of knots from green to yellow-brown shoots has crossed the ear. Most of the new shoots grow slowly or stop, which is beneficial to coloration. Of course, the key to quality is fruit load. The larger leaf-fruit ratio is undoubtedly an improvement in favorable quality. The tree vigor is too weak. Although the shoots stop growing very early, the new shoots are poorly matured, and the shoots turn from green to yellow slowly, and they do not even add color. The amount of leaves is not enough and the fruit coloring is not good.
(4) Control of strong tree power and strong shoots: Strong tree power shows that there are too many strong shoots in the tree, and the base thickness of strong branches is more than 1.2 cm in autumn. In the planned high-yield early high-yield cultivation, the time for delaying the thinning of the plants or the shortage of sparse plants, combined with excessive pruning, excessive fertilization, especially nitrogen fertilizer, could easily lead to excessive tree vigor. The result is a vicious cycle of trapping in the successive years—the fall of flowers, the fall of the shoots, and the incompleteness of branches.
1 plan sparse and light cut. The most effective way to control tree vigor is to leave long and thin for thinning and winter cutting. According to the situation between the plants, the need for thinning should be determined. The preparation for transplanting should be marked in a timely manner and cut off the roots, in order to prepare for transplanting. Even before the flowering of the following year, it was found that the shelter must be cut immediately, leaving room for the neighboring trees. For the remaining trees, they should be kept long and long in winter to increase the load of single shoots.
2 "S" shaped or bowed vines, increase the amount of branches left. In the spring, the long-stemmed and long-distributed mother branches are "S" shaped or bow-shaped vines so that the buds in the lower middle can germinate more, and the growth of the new shoots is balanced. This will increase the result of the vigorous growth of the mother tree and the retention of the entire strong tree. Amount of branches, to achieve the pressure tree. Increasing the amount of branching refers to increasing the amount of branches per tree, while the amount of branches per unit area should be appropriately reduced. Because of the large number of strong leaf and branches, it takes up a lot of space.
3 spend more time, late thinning, late fruit thinning. According to the growth potential of new shoots, strong branches stay as much as possible. If the surface of the branches and the amount of fruit can be too late to branch, late fruit thinning, the latest after the fruit set, if necessary, strong Wang branch can also leave summer buds and winter buds multiple fruit, fruit pressure tree.
4 focus on controlling strong new shoots. The massive presence of prosperous shoots is a major factor in disturbing the tree and tree vigor. In the autumn, the weight of a fresh bar of Wangzhi is equivalent to several times or even ten times the weight of the Zhongyong fresh bar. Even if it is a moderate tree, there will be a small amount of strong new shoots. In addition to controlling the fertilizer, the control of the prosperous shoots mainly involves the following methods.
Thinning. Judging from the overall branch, it is a moderate tree. There are only a few overshoots on each plant, which can be eliminated in the spring when the branches are dredged or before flowering.
Fruit strips. The inflorescence of the strong shoots is kept as far as possible, one is not sparse. The inflorescences on the shoots of the summer buds sprouted after topping also retain or induce winter buds.
Pick up the heart early and strictly control the secondary shoot. The vigorously growing shoots should have earlier time before flowering, that is, the inflorescence is enough for 6-9 leaves to pick up. At the same time, in the heart-pickup and eradication of the shoots on both sides of the shoots, only the apex of the 2-3 shoots are kept. If it cannot be controlled, all the buds of the summer shoots will be cut off and the winter buds will be induced to germinate, and the winter buds will be fruited twice. Early picking is conducive to floral development before flowering. The late picking affected the development of the flower, resulting in falling flowers and falling fruit.
Twist, tip and bow-shaped tip. When topping and tipping before flowering, it can be used to twist the tip at the second section of the strong Wang branch, and taking the branch appropriately for the 4-8 knots is an effective method to suppress the growth of the shoot. When twisting the tip, injure the wood and skin at the 1-2 sections of the new shoot, but do not twist it. Take the stick after you have twisted the stick, and then take the stick to the upper sections as appropriate so that you can hear the sound and then tie it again. When binding on the tip, it should be tightly tied so that it is in a twisted state and suppresses the top edge. The practice of twisting, holding, bowing, and tying the leggy and overbust tip not only suppresses prosperous growth, but also facilitates differentiation of flower buds in several stem segments, making the inflorescences in a more favorable nutritional position. If it can combine topping, it can be strong. On Miaozhi, a large, full-grown ear was obtained.
(5) Rejuvenation of weak tree potential and weak shoots: The current outstanding problem in grape management in China is high yield and low quality. In particular, most of the Kyoho group breeds tend to form flower buds and have a high fruit setting coefficient. Under strict summer shear conditions, strong shoots and weak shoots can all produce fruit well. In order to pursue high yields, most growers do not inflorescence, do not sparse, causing excessive yields and delaying coloration. In the north, "red ripe fruit" appears, and in the south, "green ripe fruit" appears, and a large number of shoots cannot mature.
Responsive to weak trees to rejuvenate the cause of weakening tree vigor. The method is to cut it properly and reduce the amount of buds per plant. As early as the buds are smeared with many buds, the branches are often thinned and the weak branches are left with strong branches, and the number of branches per plant is reduced. Early sparse flowering. Fresh shoots less than 40 cm in length before flowering, and even 50 cm in shoots, leave no inflorescences and prevent multiple fruits. For new shoots or shoots that are cultured or shoots, there is no or less inflorescence. The weak tip is tied upright and cannot be tied too tightly. Increase organic fertilizer and appropriately increase early fertilizer production. Improve soil physical and chemical properties and adjust water supply. Strengthen pest control.
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