Shade nets are an effective tool for cultivating tomatoes during the summer months, offering a more favorable growing environment that enhances both yield and quality. This technique helps alleviate the seasonal shortage of tomatoes and presents significant market potential and profitability, making it an excellent opportunity for farmers to boost their income. Here are the key cultivation techniques:
**I. Selection of Improved Varieties**
During the hot and rainy summer season, tomatoes are prone to viral diseases and bud blight. Choosing disease-resistant varieties is crucial for successful summer tomato farming.
1. **Hair Powder 802**: This variety is an indeterminate type with long white hairs that help deter aphids and whiteflies. It is resistant to tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and early blight, and has a low tendency to crack. The fruits turn pink when ripe.
2. **Niagara 868**: A medium-early maturing variety known for its high quality and yield. It is resistant to diseases and suitable for both greenhouse and open-field cultivation. The fruits are red when ripe and have good storage properties.
3. **Selster and New Lufeng Hybrid 2**: These are early-maturing, indeterminate varieties with small leaves, high fruit set, and strong resistance to diseases. They produce fewer cracked fruits, are tough, and suitable for transport. The fruits are pink when matured.
**II. Seedling Preparation**
The ideal sowing period for summer tomatoes is between June 20 and June 30. Seedlings should be transplanted after about 30 days, when they have 5–6 true leaves.
**III. Land Preparation and Shade Net Coverage**
1. **Soil Fertilization**: Choose well-drained, fertile soil in a winter greenhouse. Apply 5,000 kg of well-rotted organic manure and 60 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per 667 square meters. Spread evenly and plow deeply. Create raised beds 1.2 meters wide, ensuring they align with trellises or support frames.
2. **Shade Net Installation**: Cover the plants directly with shade nets, keeping the sides 1.5–1.7 meters above the ground. Cover at noon to reduce heat stress, while allowing morning and evening light exposure. Ensure proper ventilation at the base to promote healthy plant growth and nutrient accumulation. Shade nets should be used during sunny days and removed at night.
3. **Transplanting**: Water the seedlings 3–5 days before transplanting. Plant carefully to avoid damaging branches and prevent virus infection. Arrange two rows with 60 cm between large rows, 40 cm between small rows, and 30 cm between plants. Water immediately after planting and again after two days. Spray with 80% Dasheng M-45 WP diluted 600 times, or 60% Downy Mildew WP diluted 300 times, or 20% Virus A WP diluted 300 times, or agricultural streptomycin mixed with 30 kg of water. Add 4 liters of 20% Locust Chrysanthemum Milk diluted 3,000 times. Repeat this spray every 10 days for two cycles to control early blight, late blight, viruses, aphids, and leaf miners.
**IV. Field Management**
1. **Flower Protection**: When 2–3 flowers open, apply a 25–30 mg/kg anti-drop agent on the back of the flower cluster in the morning (9–10 AM) to prevent blossom drop. Repeat every three days.
2. **Pollination Techniques**: Use growth hormones like 2.4-D (10–20 mg/kg) with a little red pigment to increase fruit setting. Apply with a brush in the morning (8–9 AM), avoiding contact with stems and leaves to prevent phytotoxicity. Be cautious with concentration—too high or repeated use can cause abnormal fruits.
3. **Pruning and Training**: Use single-stem pruning. Remove axillary buds and flower spikes from lower nodes early. If plants grow too vigorously, remove some leaves covering the fruit or half of the foliage to prevent empty fruit formation. Prune old, yellow, or dense leaves to improve air circulation and reduce disease risk.
4. **Fruit Thinning**: Thin out clusters when fruits reach walnut size. Leave 3–4 strong fruits per cluster, removing smaller or late-developing ones to encourage larger, healthier fruit development.
5. **Water and Nutrient Management**: Avoid watering during flowering to maintain fruit set. Once fruits reach walnut size, apply 15 kg of potassium nitrate compound fertilizer per 667 square meters with irrigation.
6. **Pest and Disease Control**: Bud blight occurs due to poor ventilation and high temperatures. Shade nets help cool the environment, and timely watering is essential if plants wilt. For gray mold and leaf mold, use Dashao M-45 or carbendazim. For early and late blight, spray 70% mancozeb WP diluted 500 times or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder diluted 600 times. Apply these sprays every 7–10 days for 4–5 times to ensure effective disease control.
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