The reproductive cycle of female rabbits can be divided into three key physiological stages: the non-breeding (or empty) period, pregnancy, and lactation. Each phase requires specific management practices to ensure optimal reproductive performance and overall health. Understanding and adapting to these stages is essential for breeders aiming to improve breeding success and rabbit productivity.
During the non-breeding period, which typically follows weaning, the female rabbit’s primary goal is to recover from the physical demands of nursing. This time is crucial for restoring her body condition, replenishing nutrients lost during lactation, and preparing for the next breeding cycle. However, it's important not to overfeed the rabbit, as excessive fat accumulation around the ovaries can interfere with egg development and lead to infertility. Conversely, if the rabbit is too thin, it may affect hormone production, particularly from the pituitary gland, which regulates ovulation. Therefore, maintaining an ideal body condition is vital. If a female becomes overweight, adjusting feed levels or extending rest periods can help manage her condition effectively.
During pregnancy, proper feeding and care are critical for the health of both the mother and the developing fetuses. The nutritional needs of pregnant females increase significantly—approximately 1.5 times higher than usual. This includes higher levels of protein, minerals, and vitamins, especially for younger does that are still growing. Pregnancy is divided into three stages: the embryonic stage (days 1–12), the pre-natal stage (days 13–18), and the fetal stage (days 19–30). As the gestation progresses, energy metabolism increases, and nutrient requirements rise accordingly.
It’s also important to prevent stress and environmental disturbances during this time, as early pregnancy (15–25 days) is a high-risk period for miscarriage. Keeping the female in a calm, quiet environment and avoiding sudden noises or temperature changes can reduce the risk. Separating pregnant rabbits from others and preventing aggressive interactions is also recommended.
As labor approaches, it’s common for the female to pull out her own fur to line the nest. This behavior helps stimulate milk production and prepare for nursing. Breeders should assist by gently removing some fur and placing it in the nesting area. Clean water and easily digestible food should be available at all times.
After birth, the focus shifts to postpartum care. The mother should be carefully handled to avoid disturbing the newborns. The nest should be cleaned, and any soiled materials removed. Newborn kits should be weighed, counted, and returned to the nest under clean fur. It’s also important to monitor the mother’s milk production, which typically ranges from 60 to 300 grams per day. Increasing feed quantity and frequency from day five onward supports adequate milk supply.
Lactating does require a diet rich in crude protein (around 17%) and plenty of fresh green feed and water. Preventing mastitis is a top priority, so hygiene must be maintained at all times. Adding small amounts of long-acting sulfathiazole and baking soda to feed or water can help prevent infections.
If a doe has excessive milk or dry milk, adjustments in feed composition are necessary. Reducing concentrated feeds and increasing hay intake, along with diluted salt water, can help regulate milk production. Cold compresses may be used if the udder becomes engorged. Including lysine-rich ingredients like soybean meal or fish meal can further support milk quality and quantity.
Overall, effective breeding and management practices throughout each reproductive phase are essential for maximizing fertility, litter size, and offspring survival. With careful attention and timely interventions, breeders can ensure the health and well-being of their rabbits.
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