To improve the survival rate of grafted fruit trees, several critical factors must be carefully considered. One of the most important is **compatibility** between the rootstock and scion. This refers to their ability to heal after grafting and grow normally. Compatibility depends on similarities in internal structure, physiological functions, and genetic traits. When there is poor compatibility, several issues may arise: wounds may not heal properly, leading to low survival rates; even if healing occurs, buds may fail to sprout, or the graft union may break later. Additionally, the grafted tree might show abnormal growth—such as yellow, small, or clustered leaves, weak development, or even death. Another common issue is the "large and small feet" phenomenon, where the graft interface doesn’t match in size, causing instability. Some grafts may look good initially but fail later due to delayed incompatibility.
Different combinations of rootstocks and scions have varying levels of compatibility. For example, when golden pears are grafted onto Du pears, the survival rate can be below 70%, highlighting the need for careful selection. Choosing high-quality rootstocks and scions is essential. A well-developed rootstock with strong, healthy shoots improves the chances of successful grafting. Based on 22 years of grafting experience, it's been observed that during summer grafting, semi-lignified rootstocks paired with fully lignified scions yield the highest survival rates. In spring, the best results come from fully lignified rootstocks and scions.
Temperature plays a key role in callus formation. At around 15°C, callus growth is slow, but between 15°C and 20°C, it speeds up. The optimal temperature range is 20°C to 30°C, with the fastest growth occurring at 25°C. Therefore, during spring budding, it’s best to place the scion on the sunny side of the seedling to raise the interface temperature. In summer, however, the scion should be placed on the shaded side to keep the area cooler. Similarly, in spring, large branches should face the sun to enhance heat at the graft site.
Humidity is also crucial. The graft interface needs to remain moist (relative humidity above 95%) without water accumulation. After grafting, the area must be tightly wrapped to prevent moisture loss. A simple test is checking for condensation on the binding tape the day after grafting—if no droplets appear, the wrap is too loose and re-grafting is needed.
Light conditions affect callus growth as well. Callus forms faster in darker environments, so during summer grafting, it’s advisable to position the scion in the shade of the rootstock.
Finally, proper grafting techniques are vital. Skilled handling ensures better success. Both the rootstock and scion cuts must be smooth, the union tight, and the layers aligned. Faster and more accurate grafting under correct techniques increases survival rates significantly. Attention to detail and proper execution are essential for successful fruit tree grafting.
Vitamin is a kind of trace organic substance that humans and animals must obtain from food in order to maintain normal physiological functions. It plays an important role in the process of human growth, metabolism and development. Vitamins in the body neither participate in the formation of human cells, nor provide energy for the body.
Scientific studies have found that at least 30 different compounds are considered "Vitamins", of which more than 20 vitamins are known to be necessary for biological health.
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