Abstract : In order to solve the outstanding problems of low yield, poor quality, and low profitability in Qiaohua planting apple orchard in Shaanxi Province, the main contents are studied and integrated: “reform pruning mainly based on thinning, fertilizer and water control in dry land, and biological control of pests and diseasesâ€. The key technology system for improving quality and efficiency of apples has achieved significant results.
Key words: thinning, fertilizer and water control, biophysical control
Apple Qiaohua densely planted orchard in Shaanxi Province accounts for 80%, covering an area of ​​over 500 million mu. In Qiaohua dense planting orchard, there are prominent problems with “low yield, poor quality, and low profitability.†Although the province implemented a major transformation of Qiaohua’s densely planted orchards from 2001 to 2005, the individual apple dendrite densities decreased significantly and the orchard’s lighting conditions decreased. It has been significantly improved, but due to modification, pruning, etc., it is limited to the transformation of a single tree. With the growth of the age, this measure still cannot fundamentally solve the problem of canopy closure in Qiaohua's dense planting orchard, and closes the light in the orchard. Ventilation issues have become the biggest limiting factor that restricts orchard yield and quality.
Focusing on key technologies for improving quality and increasing efficiency in Qiaohua's densely planted orchards, the Northwest Apple Experimental Station of Agriculture and Forestry University began research and demonstration in 2006 in Baishui County, focusing on the development of "modification pruning based on thinning, regulation of dry land fertilizer and water, and biological and physical control of pests and diseases". Achieved significant results, and formed a key technology system for improving quality and efficiency of apples in the ecological conditions and the characteristics of orchard production in the northern apple production area in northern Fujian.
1, thinning and modification pruning technology
The density and tree shape of dense planting orchards should be managed dynamically. Using thinning technology, starting from adjusting the structure of the orchard population and adopting the measures of interleaving or septal thinning in one fell swoop, the overall density of orchards will be directly reduced. After the thinning of the orchard in Qiaohua, the planting density was controlled at 25-37 strains/666.7 m2. In the tree spatial distribution structure adjustment, with the crown as the center, according to the natural growth law of the Qiaohua apple tree, the main branch of the uniaxial extension was cultivated, so that the orchard tree body after thinning showed plane light acceptance, which is inconsistent with the control of successive years The reforming methods of growth are very different. During the transformation of the tree, the main branch of the lower branch should be raised to restore its growth. The number of main branches should be controlled at 5-6, and the height of the main branch should be raised properly. The thickness of the curtain in the growing season should be controlled at 1.8-2.0 m. To create a high light efficiency tree structure. The thinning and shaping measures have reduced the total amount of branches and leaves in orchards, fundamentally solved the problem of canopy closure in densely planted orchards, improved the ventilation and light conditions of the orchards, increased the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves, promoted the differentiation of apple flower buds, and enhanced the tree vigor and The ability to resist disease has significantly increased the yield and quality of fruit and improved the economic efficiency of the orchard.
1.1 Qiaohua planting apple orchard thinning technology
At present, the plant spacings of the orchards commonly planted on the production are mainly 42 meters, 33 meters, 42.5 meters, 43 meters, and 53 meters. The dense planting of apple orchards should be completed twice in accordance with the age of trees on the inter-planning cutting. The first time the original planting density is reduced by half, the thinning pattern of “interlaced excavation†or “separated plant excavation†is used, and the orchard orientation changes according to planting. Density and practical need to be flexible. For medium-density orchards planted in 41-28 plants per 666.7m2, temporary and permanent plants can also be identified and pruned. Permanent strains undergo normal pruning according to modification requirements, which is beneficial to the expansion of tree crowns; Temporary strains, as the subject of burden of yield during the transformation period, do not overstretch the tree structure, with the emphasis on removing excessively low branches and severely affecting the growth of permanent trees. And dense branches. With the expansion of the permanent tree canopy, the temporary tree is retracted and pruned as the main means to gradually shrink the canopy and give way to the permanent tree. It will be excavated after 3-4 years. The second thinning was carried out 5-8 years after the first thinning of the high density orchard. It also showed a tight seal. The number of thinning plants per 666.7m2 was maintained at 16-22 strains.
1.2 Tree garden suitable for promotion in Qiaohuashu Orchard
The tree-shaped dominant tree shape suitable for popularization in Qiaohuashu Orchard is a happy shape. The tree-shaped canopy opens with a small branch, and the crown is airy and light-transmitting. The tree has a single major fruit, a high fruit coloring index, and a high soluble solid content. Mu yield is large.
Qiao Huazhi used delayed over- happy shape, and the tree structure was three-level. The “four-stage, three-revolution, one-in-one†training was implemented: the tree transformation and cultivation experienced four stages, three evolutions, and finally the realization of the happy shape was achieved. The dwarf tree adopts a slender spindle shape and implements the “three stages and two changes to one placeâ€: the dwarf apple trees are relatively quickly shaped, and the modification culture is completed earlier than the Qiaohua tree, and undergoes three stages from the time limit, and twice Transformation training. The basic structure of the tree: dry height 1-1.8 meters, tree height (after falling head) 3.5-4 meters, crown 4.5-5 meters, the crown was semi-circular. After the tree height reached a certain height, gradually fell to happy, after the first happy to stay 5-6 main branches, the second time after happy to stay 3-4 main branches, the third time after happy to stay 2-3 main branches ( Tree branches with medium or weak varieties have 2 main branches, and tree vigor-intensive varieties leave 3 main branches), forming a big crown of happy shapes. Keep the two main branches, the lower main branch 1.5-1.8 meters above the ground, the upper main branch 1.8-2.1 meters above the ground; the remaining three main branches, the lower main branch 1-1.2 meters above the ground, the middle main branch off the ground 1.5 - 1.8 meters, the main branch is 2.1-2.4 meters above the ground. The main branch base angle is 60-70 degrees, the waist angle is 80-90 degrees, and the tip angle is 40-50 degrees. On the main branch, 1-2 lateral branches were planted. The first lateral branch was 1.5-2.5 meters away from the trunk, the second lateral branch 0.3-0.5 meters away from the first lateral branch, and the lateral branches 1-2 meters long. The large, medium, and small fruiting branch groups are mainly produced on lateral branches, and can also be spatially distributed on the main branch.
After the tree body is formed, the leaf curtain layer in the growing season is in a single-layer plane distribution, and the canopy has sufficient illumination and high light energy utilization rate, which is favorable for flower bud differentiation and fruit coloring. The result of branching on the main branch and lateral branch was a long axis branch with uniaxial extension. As a result, the branch group was beaded and sagged on both sides of the main and lateral branches. The result of the beaded curtain on the lower main branch resulted in a branching distance of 40-60 cm, and the result of the median branch and the upper branch was a result of a branching distance of 20-30 cm and a spacing of 20-30 cm between the layers. The branch ratio (ratio of main branch thickness to main branch diameter at main branch) is 1:2. The number of permanent main branches is small, 2-3.
Apple orchards are suitable for branching from 6-79 thousand pieces per acre. When the amount per acre of branches is increased from 6-79,000 to 8-99,000, the yield per mu is increased by 11.2%; when the amount of acre branches is increased to 10-11.9 thousand and 12-13.9 thousand, the yield per mu is 8-9.9 Ten thousand were reduced by 7.3% and 17% respectively. Based on the amount of 6-79 thousand pieces per mu, with the increase of branches, the single fruit weight decreased by 9%, 24%, and 29.5%, respectively; the solid content decreased by 2.7%, 5.3%, and 7.2%, respectively.
2, fertilizer control and efficient use of technology
The shortage of water resources in Weibei apple production area in Shaanxi Province is a typical “rain-fed†agricultural area. The orchards have poor site conditions, poor soil, low organic matter content, and the lack of water and fertilizer shortages. Water stress and nutrient stress are the apple yield and quality. Two major limitations to the increase. Due to water stress in production, fertilizer utilization is low and fertilizer rewards are decreasing, which in turn exacerbates large-scale application of chemical fertilizers, especially over-application of nitrogen fertilizers, resulting in a disproportionate rate of fertilizer application. Only with reasonable input of water and nutrients and supply coordination, can we use water to promote fertilizers, use fertilizer to transfer water, and produce coupling effects to achieve efficient use of water and nutrients. Raising the availability of fertilizer and water in the dry land orchard and its potential for production is the key to further improving the efficiency of the orchard.
2.1 apple fertilization status and problems
According to the survey results of fertilization status of the main apple producing counties, fertilization shows the characteristics of more nitrogen and less phosphorus and potassium, and the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O is 1:0.63:0.51. Fertilizer is dominated by chemical fertilizers, and the application level of organic fertilizers is low. There is still a certain gap between the input requirements for organic manure from high-quality orchards, and a considerable part of fruit growers have almost no organic fertilizer; chemical fertilizer N (effective nutrient Kg/mu, the same below) is 32.1, P2O5 is 20.4, K2O is 14.0, organic fertilizer is 1537.3 (in kind The amount of Kg/mu), N, K2O, and the standard deviation of organic fertilizer Sd and the coefficient of variation CV were relatively large, indicating that the differences in N, K2O, and manure fertilization between different orchards were quite different, and there was a situation where excessive fertilization and insufficient fertilization coexisted. In general, currently there are problems in the fertilization of apple orchards in Shaanxi Province. There are serious shortages of organic fertilizers and too low soil organic matter, which affects the improvement and improvement of soil fertility. Soil nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are extremely unbalanced and exhibit excessive and There is a lack of coexistence; Drought severely affects the tree's absorption of nutrients, resulting in a relatively excessive amount of nutrients in the soil, and the tree is in starvation state; the scientific fertilization awareness of fruit growers is still not strong, and it is still in the stage of empirical fertilization. Excessive fertilization and insufficient fertilization occur together. Situation; pure pursuit of high yields, while neglecting the impact of fertilization on quality and the ecological environment.
2.2 The efficient use of fertilizer and water in apple orchards in dry land
2.2.1 "Fat Water Film" Integration Technology
After the fertilization in the arid areas, the orchards should be replenished with water, and they can be watered (or filled with biogas slurry) in the fertilization ditch with 50-150 kg per plant, and then the fertilized and watered areas can be covered with mulching to form fertilizer, water, moisture and heat. The synchronization of factors will improve the rhizosphere micro-environment of fruit trees, facilitate the conversion and absorption of nutrients and their use, and solve the outstanding problems of low fertilizer utilization under dry conditions in dry areas. It is also possible to cover the fertilizing area with a mulch film immediately after applying the base fertilizer in the autumn, so that the better autumn seasoning can be maintained until the following spring.
2.2.2 Fertilization Technology of Dryland Orchard
The dry land orchard adopts two fertilization methods, ie, autumn basal fertilization and fruit enlargement, and early basal fertilization in the fall, and 60-70% of the total nutrients. One-third of the nitrogen, all of the phosphorus, and 1/2 can be used. Or all the potassium is mixed with the organic fertilizer in the autumn basal fertilizer, leaving only 2/3 of the nitrogen or 1/2 of the potassium to be applied during fruit enlargement. In the orchards with more rainfall or irrigation conditions, three fertilization methods are used for base fertilizer in the fall, and in the spring and during fruit enlargement, 50% of the total nutrients are applied in the fall, and 1/2 of the phosphate fertilizer, 1/2 of the potassium fertilizer, and 2 can be reserved. The nitrogen fertilizer of /3 was applied twice in the following flowering period and fruit enlargement period.
The amount of fertilizer should be adjusted according to the level of soil fertility and the level of yield. Fruit trees, usually 2000-3000kg of high-quality farmyard manure in Mushi, 20-30kg of nitrogen fertilizer in Mushi, 15-20kg of phosphorus, 20-25kg of potassium, and N:P2O5:K2O (effective nutrients, including chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer) Reach 1:0.75:1.
Table 1 Recommended Fertilizer Application Rates for Apple in the Loess Plateau (kg/Mu)
Yield level
(kg/Mu)
Organic Fertilizer
fertilizer
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P2O5)
Potassium (K2O)
1,000
1,000
10-15
10
10-20
2000
2000-3000
20-25
20
20-30
3000
3000-5000
30-35
30
30-40
2.2.3 Dual-grass grass cover in dryland orchards (inter-row grass + clear-cut cultivation with grass cover)
(1) Selection of grass species: suitable grass species for apple orchards in Weibei Dryland should be selected from white clover and red clover with small root to shoot ratio and shallow root system. Under the conditions of the limited resources in the north of Orchard, the selection of these sod and grass species will not only help to reduce the competition between water and soil for grasses and fruit trees, but also maximize the harvest index of pastures and grasslands, so as to achieve optimal utilization of resources.
(2) Planting strips: According to the production characteristics of apple orchards in Weibei Dryland, under normal conditions, the grass strips are 1.2-2.0m, and the edges of the weeds should generally vary within the range of 60-200cm depending on the size of the canopy.
(3) Sowing time: In the apple producing area of ​​northern Anhui, the best time for weeding should be August 20-September 10, when the planting temperature is relatively low, and there is a certain guarantee of precipitation, so it is very suitable for pasture Seedling growth, seeding easy to succeed.
(4) Over-seeding: The grass sowing test in the apple orchard of northern Weichuan found that in order to avoid seedling thinning after sowing, it can be over-seeded in the actual sowing. Over-seeding can reduce the weed infestation and accelerate the stable community of grassland. In accordance with the test, the amount of broadcast can be increased by one-third of the normal broadcast volume.
(5) Fertilizer should be given priority to in the initial stage of green grass: it is generally 2-3 years from the cultivation of pasture vegetation to stable community formation in the cultivation of grass in the apple orchard of Weibei dryland. The degree of temporary depletion of soil nutrients affects soil nutrients differently. With the formation of a stable vegetation community of pasture grasses, the residues and semi-decomposing layers of pasture and grassland form organic matter and available mineral nutrients under the action of microorganisms, and gradually Leaching into the lower soil layer, continuously replenish the soil and form a more lasting nutrient cycle. Therefore, fertilization management should be strengthened in the cultivation stage of pastures and grasslands. Fertilizer should be applied according to the species and fertility of grasses. Generally, grasses should be treated with nitrogen fertilizer, and leguminous grasses should be treated with phosphate fertilizers.
(6) should pay attention to castration: grass and fruit trees compete for water is the main contradiction in the grass cultivation in the apple production area of ​​Loess Plateau in northern Hebei. In addition to the selection of shallow root pasture, the use of timely cutting coverage is usually used to ease or eliminate the contradiction . According to the observation of the soil water content in the apple orchard of northern Hebei Province, the impact mainly occurred in spring and autumn, and management of pasture cutting should be strengthened in spring and autumn.
(7) Cultivated land with grass cover: According to the test, when the grass belt is 1.2-2.0m under normal conditions, the grass-covering volume in the arable land should be between 1500kg-2300kg/mu.
3, pest control green comprehensive control technology
Targeting the production of green fruits, monitoring and forecasting major pests and diseases, based on agricultural control, focusing on biological and physical control, combining with chemical prevention and control, vigorously promoting biophysical control measures, trapping and killing overwintering pests, sexual extermination The agent controls pests and automatically physically eliminates moths to suppress pests. According to the characteristics of the occurrence of pests and diseases, when the number of pests and diseases exceeds the prevention and control indicators, bio-sourced pesticides, mineral-sourced pesticides, and high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides are selected. The pests and diseases are controlled below the level of economic victimization, and the unified prevention and control of pests and diseases is implemented. Improve the control effect, reduce the amount of chemical pesticides, improve product safety, and meet the requirements of green food.
3.1 Early defoliation control measures: (1) Clean the leaves and reduce the initial infection source. At the end of each winter or the early spring of the following year, the deciduous orchards of the orchards are thoroughly cleaned, and the orchards are buried or burned; (2) The branching branches at the stem base and the growth branches below 50? are cut off each year before the end of May to prevent or reduce the initial infestation. (3) Promote thinning and reshaping techniques to ensure that the crown light transmittance is above 25%. Reducing the humidity inside the canopy, reducing the time of leaf blade watering and preventing the germination of pathogenic spores; (4) After seeing sporadic diseased leaves in the orchard for the first time in the whole year, it is necessary to spray 430 g/L of highly effective systemic fungicide 2-3 consecutive times. Oxazole alcohol suspension 3000-4000 times solution or 10% difenoconazole water dispersible granules 2500 times, chase after infected pathogens, every 7-10 days interval; (5) Protection against rainwater erosion during rainy season The bactericidal agent is a lime-folded Bordeaux mixture or 68.75% of DuPont Epro® water dispersible granules 1000 times 2-3 times.
3.2 Prevention and control of rot disease: Prevention and control of rot should be based on nutrient fertilization, organic fertilizer application, and tree vigor enhancement. It is a comprehensive prevention and control strategy that focuses on the protection of new and old wounds. (1) Fertilizer, organic fertilizer, strong tree vigor. When adult orchard fertilizes base fertilizer, it is necessary to ensure that there are 1.5-3 kg/strain N, P, and K compound fertilizers and decomposed pigs and cattle manure 15-30 Kg. In organic orchard-deficient organic orchards, 35% or more of organic matter may be selected for humification. Acid fertilizer 3-4 kg/strain. (2) Wound spray protection. The cutting site is the main place where apple rot occurs. In the early spring, the wounds caused by pruning and all uncut healing saws, worms, and frozen lacerations of the previous year were promptly treated with 25% C-rings after pruning. Emulsion 600 times solution or 1.5% thiflumide ointment or 5% antibacterial agent 50 times solution coated protection. (3) Main body coating. The trunk is one of the main sites of rot disease, and it is also the place where the skin layer breeds surface ulcers. After scraping the rot in the early spring, the main stem and the base of the main branch were applied with 30% 60% organic potassium humate in 3, 6 and 9 months. This can not only eradicate rot bacteria, promote wound healing, but also provide nutrients for the tree body and enhance disease resistance. (4) lesion scraping treatment. In the early spring and autumn, rot lesions were found to be cured within 10 days. The lesions are heavily scraped and require scraping into ovals and ridges. They are scraped 3 cm longitudinally and scraped 2 cm laterally from the diseased joints. They are then coated with 1.5% thiflumone ointment or "blue gram" artificial tree. Skin ointment, killing the hidden pathogens in the xylem and preventing secondary infection of the lesions. (5) Bridge. For diseases that are more than half the diameter of the trunk, single or multiple bridging is required to facilitate the transmission of nutrients and to promote the restoration of tree vigor.
Antimalarial:
Antimalarial medications, also known as antimalarials, are designed to prevent or cure malaria. Such drugs may be used for some or all of the following:
Treatment of malaria in individuals with suspected or confirmed infection
Prevention of infection in individuals visiting a malaria-endemic region who have no immunity (Malaria prophylaxis)
Routine intermittent treatment of certain groups in endemic regions (Intermittent preventive therapy)
Some antimalarial agents, particularly chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus-associated arthritis.
Current practice in treating cases of malaria is based on the concept of combination therapy, since this offers several advantages, including reduced risk of treatment failure, reduced risk of developing resistance, enhanced convenience, and reduced side-effects. Prompt parasitological confirmation by microscopy, or alternatively by rapid diagnostic tests, is recommended in all patients suspected of malaria before treatment is started. Treatment solely on the basis of clinical suspicion should only be considered when a parasitological diagnosis is not accessible.
Antiparasitic:
Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths,amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, and protozoa, among others. Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth;[4] they are usually effective against a limited number of parasites within a particular class. Antiparasitics are one of the antimicrobial drugs which include antibiotics that target bacteria, and antifungals that target fungi. They may be administered orally, intravenously or topically.
Broad-spectrum antiparasitics, analogous to broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacteria, are antiparasitic drugs with efficacy in treating a wide range of parasitic infections caused by parasites from different classes.
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