Some people vividly compared the cattle raising industry to the "heavy industry" in the animal husbandry, indicating that the cattle industry has a long production cycle and a large influence in the entire animal husbandry. By the end of 2004, Yunnan Province had a total of 7,786,200 head of cattle, including 4,936,700 yellow cattle and 2,746,000 headwater buffaloes. More than 1,100 insemination sites (including simple stations) were established, and more than 2,340 skilled technicians were present. The province's frozen beef refinement work has shown an unprecedented excellent situation. Beef production has become an important part of the province's animal husbandry. However, in order to enable the rapid and Healthy development of beef cattle production in our province, we must also do a good job in crossbreeding, epidemic prevention, and breeding.
The status and trends of crossbreeding
Since the late 1990s when our province has resumed the large-scale crossbreeding of cattle, governments and business departments at all levels have attached great importance to the crossbreeding and improvement of cattle. The number of crossbreeding and improvement of cattle in the province has been increasing at a rate of more than 30% per year, and cattle and buffalo are increasing. The number of annual improvements (excluding the current number of incoming bulls) increased from 54937 in 1999 to 288,681 in 2004, an increase of more than four times. In most places, the effect of crossbreeding and improvement is remarkable. Coupled with the increase in the price of cattle in the market, the crossbred cattle have brought real benefits to the common people. According to investigations in many provinces, cities, and counties across the province, one The price of a two-year-old reformed cow is 1,000 to 1,500 yuan higher than that of a local cow of the same age. The people's attitude towards the crossbreeding of cattle has shifted from passive acceptance to active and active demand. The province's beef refinement improvement work has shown an unprecedentedly good situation. .
There are several problems
Although the bovine semen refinement work is rapidly being promoted and flourished in the province, from the perspective of long-term development and the current practice in some localities, I think the following issues should cause concern to the business sector.
(1) Mistakes in the hybrid improvement technology line will cause long-term development of the beef cattle industry. The climate types in our province are complex and diverse, and the corresponding pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and insect-borne diseases) are also very complicated. In 2001, the Provincial Livestock Improvement Work Station proposed a corresponding improvement plan or technical route for the progress of cattle and cattle improvement work in different climatic regions in our province. However, according to the understanding of the past few years, these programs have only been implemented in a few places in the province. The place is completely in conformity with the people's request to use Simmental for advanced hybridization, and some have advanced to 3 to 5 generations. Simmental, as a medium and large temperate and excellent beef breed, has the advantages of obvious heterosis, rapid growth and development of offspring, etc. However, it is a temperate species after all. It has low resistance to heat stress and heat transfer diseases. Now, some places Simmental cross-breeding has emerged clinical symptoms of the disease, may have more sub-clinical symptoms, these cattle continue to progress further hybridization is very dangerous; second, with the increase of progressive generation, heterosis With the decrease, the improvement effect gradually decreases. Thirdly, with the increase of external blood, the requirements of the breeding and management level and nutrition of the hybrid offspring increase. Therefore, it is hoped that the relevant personnel will perform as much as possible according to the improvement plan or technical route proposed by the Provincial Livestock Improvement Station. People like the idea of ​​“white cowsâ€. Through our publicity and explanation, they should be able to change, just as they initially did not like “bringing filial calf (white cow)â€.
For ease of reference, refer to the relevant plan as follows:
Northeastern Fujian and Northwestern Hebei beef cattle improvement area
This area mainly includes most of the cities and counties in Zhaotong and Qujing. Because of the high altitude in this area, the climate is warm in summer, warm in winter, cold in winter, and the species should only use some temperate species such as Simmental, Short Horn and Angus as male parents. The recommended technical route is:
Seibu Honten → F1 short-term → F2 Relief → F3
Each generation of bulls is castrated or farmed, and F3 is sold as a commodity or cross-fixed by excellent individuals to breed a new breed of beef cattle.
In some of the old improvements, there are now some other types of hybridization, such as the Anbenza, the short hybrids and their progressive hybrids. For these hybrid types, the following methods are recommended:
♂安本♂→F1 ♀西♂→F2 ♀安♂→F3 ♀或çŸâ™‚本♀→F1 ♀西♂→F2 ♀安♂→F3
Hybrid bulls and F3 are treated as above.
Middle and Southeast beef beef improvement zone
This area includes Kunming, Yuxi, Chuxiong, Baoshan, Honghe, Wenshan, and parts of Qujing and Dali. The climate in this area is mild and the products are abundant. Each breed can adapt well, but in order to produce high-grade beef more effectively and make full use of the advantages of hybridization, the proposed technical route is:
Nishi Benemoto ♀ → F1 ♀ ♂ → F2 ♀ ♀ → F3 ♀ ♂ → F4
For individuals with small cows, the following can be used:
Short-term copybook→F1 copy→F2 copy→F3/security→F4
The hybrid offspring obtained through these two approaches will be the main types of cross-breeding improvement in beef cattle in our province. In addition to being sold as commodities, after a certain number of populations in the centralized production zone have reached a certain number, it may be considered to cultivate Yunnan by breeding excellent individuals for cross-fixation. New beef cattle breeds or new populations, thus achieving the ultimate goal of transforming Yunnan local cattle.
Weinan, southwestern Yunnan, subtropical beef cattle improvement area
This area includes Simao, Xishuangbanna, Linyi and Dehong. Most parts of this region are hot, with abundant rainfall, low population density, abundant land and fodder resources, and it is one of the regions with high potential for beef cattle industry development in our province. However, because of the hot climate, the temperate beef breeds generally have poor adaptability, even for the hybrid generation. According to this situation, the recommended technical route is as follows:
Written by F1, F1, F1, F2, F3, or F3. Benedict → F1: F2 → F2 → F3 → An
Due to the special landforms and variable climate types of our province, the regional planning of regional crossbreeding of beef cattle is difficult and the accuracy is poor. Another factor that can be used for reference is determined by the average annual temperature in each place. Where the average annual temperature is above 15°C, whether the first parent is Simmental, Shorthorn or Angus, the second father chooses Brahman. All have better hybridization advantages; in regions with an average annual temperature below 15°C, after introduction of Brahman blood, poor cold resistance of offspring may affect production performance.
(2) Yak cultivation
The growth and development of hybrid yaks is fast, and the lactation performance of local cows in Yunnan is not very good. The early Nutritional deficiency and slow growth of yaks are a common problem. In the work of the past few years, we have been stressing the issue of yak cultivation and good breeding methods in many local surveys, but we have not been able to attract enough attention.
Since calves are completely dependent on breast milk, excessive cow expenditures, on the other hand, affect postpartum estrus of cows, resulting in prolonged calving intervals and reduced overall reproductive performance.
Another issue in yak cultivation is the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases. Rural housing hygiene is not good at all. In recent years, the incidence of neonatal tsutsugamushi disease and coccidiosis has increased. However, it has not received enough attention in production practice and caused some unnecessary losses.
(3) Prevention and control of diseases in breeding communities
The construction of aquaculture community is conducive to the promotion and application of scientific and technological measures, and it is also conducive to the improvement of rural health conditions and the improvement of the quality of life of farmers.
However, with the concentration of the population, the risk of disease expansion in the population has also increased. In many places, disinfection and epidemic prevention facilities are not perfect, people (especially live animal traffickers) and livestock move frequently. In the event of an accident, the loss will be much larger than that of the dispersed feeders; the second is parasites, especially crickets. The dissemination provided convenient conditions, especially in places with relatively high humidity, and the management of hygiene in the housing could not keep up. We have found the skin disease of cattle in the breeding area in many places in the research work. The third is the management of excrement and sewage. Do not concentrate small pollution and sporadic pollution into large pollution.
(4) Problems of introducing "hybrid cattle" from outside the province
In the past two years, the party committees and governments in many localities have greatly increased their attention to the animal husbandry, especially the beef cattle industry. Many people have really benefited from breeding crossbred cattle. The price of hybrid cattle in the province has also been on the rise. The number of cold-changed sites in the province is insufficient, and the coverage is still far short of the people's expectation of cross-breeding and improvement work. The number of cross-breeding improvements cannot meet the needs of some cattle-raising giants to acquire hybrid improved cattle.
Therefore, many people (especially those receiving government subsidies) and some large households and private business owners went outside the province to purchase hybrid cattle. Since many ordinary people do not have a good grasp of the cow's appearance, as long as they are "white cows" or red and white flowers, they will not buy the quality of cattle they buy. During the investigation, we discovered that many cows purchased from other provinces are not real crossbreds. The blood content of imported fine varieties abroad is very low, and most of them are the second generation and third generation of crossbreeds that were either handed over to the offspring or backcrossed. After these cows were bought back, their growth and development were far less than that of the province's descendants. On the other hand, because these cattle were not completely introduced in the form of commodity cattle and had not been approved, the people who went to buy cows had a local outbreak. It is unclear whether or not the local epidemic is a disease, and it is impossible to mention which diseases need to be quarantined. In some places, the disease is also introduced when the cow is induced, causing some unnecessary losses and troubles. It has been estimated that in the past three years, different types of cattle (Simment, Limousin, Charolais, Piedmont, short-horned, etc.) have been purchased from Shandong, Henan, Jilin and other places in the province. More than 10,000 offspring have caused a large waste of financial resources in Yunnan.
Some Suggestions for Future Work
(1) Strengthen leadership and increase input. Ensure healthy and stable development of beef cattle industry
Some people vividly compared the cattle raising industry to the heavy industry in animal husbandry. From a certain point of view, this shows that the cattle industry has a large investment demand in the entire animal husbandry, a long production cycle, and a large influence. Judging from the history of industrial and animal husbandry development at home and abroad, the laws of development have similarities, and light industry has developed first. Only then can we have a basis for the development of heavy industry. Domestically, we are turning to the importance of raising pigs and raising chickens. Cattle industry. At the same time, according to the relevant plans formulated by the provincial government, the leading ideology for the development of animal husbandry is also “stabilizing pig production and vigorously developing herbivorous livestockâ€. However, the overall situation of grass-breeding livestock husbandry in our province is still at a poor foundation and has a low level of development. State, therefore, to a large extent still need financial investment and support.
(2) improve the system, grasp the provenance, independent innovation
At present, the coverage of improved varieties of cattle in the province is still very low, and there is a big gap compared with advanced provinces and regions. Although the reasons may be many, the main reason is that our frozen reform work started late, and the number of frozen reform sites is insufficient. With the high mountains and valleys in Yunnan, the traffic is inconvenient. The area covered by a site is much smaller than that in the northern plains. Therefore, in the future work, as far as possible, the existing sites are used for mating and coverage, while the conditions are ripe for cattle. In places where the resources of the group are abundant, it is recommended to increase the investment in site construction and strive to make the number of cold-changed sites in the province reach more than 2,000.
An important link in the improvement of bovine cryovials is the production and supply of high-quality cryovials. At present, except for a small amount of Holstein cow frozen jelly purchased from outside the province, most of it is produced and supplied by the Provincial Animal Frozen Semen Station and the Dali Prefecture Livestock Breeding and Instruction Station, while the production scale of the two stations is small, and the breeding and breeding of the bull is increasing. It has always been a difficult problem that has plagued the two stations. Now, the frozen essence produced has not been able to meet the needs of the province's frost reform work. With the advancement of the cattle reform work, the contradiction between supply and demand will become more prominent. It is recommended that relevant leaders should pay attention to this as soon as possible. One problem.
Another consideration is to support 2 or 3 companies to establish a certain scale of beef cattle breeding and breeding farms. The current hybridization and improvement work can only be carried out to a certain degree, and it is impossible to continue unrestricted hybridization. Through the establishment of a breeding farm, the establishment of a core group, combined with the cattle on the surface, to cultivate new varieties of independent intellectual property rights suitable for the climatic conditions of Yunnan.
(3) Strengthen technical training to comprehensively improve the efficiency of cattle cryopreservation
At present, the rate of conception of artificial insemination in the province varies greatly. According to our analysis in some localities, among the many factors that affect the conception rate, the most influential one is the personnel factor. The training should be conducted on two levels. The first is technical staff. It mainly trains the artificial insemination operation technology and the cow's estrus identification. The second level is the training of the common people. The main content is the cow's estrus identification and yak cultivation, especially Where new work is done. The training of technicians is carried out by provincial organizations. The training of ordinary people is carried out by county-level organizations.
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