Hypsizigus marmoreus, also known as Yuchao, has a unique crab flavor, also known as crab mushroom, matsutake mushrooms. It is an excellent food and medicinal strain suitable for the cultivation of northern temperate regions. Hydrangea is a member of the genus Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, White Mushrooms and Zea.
In 1972, Japan's Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd. first successfully cultivated Himeki mushroom and obtained a patent. Since 1973, it has been put into production in Nagano Prefecture. In the past 30 years, the yield of this mushroom has increased by more than 20 times. In Japan, it has become an important species that is second only to Flammulina velutipes. China introduced wild oyster mushrooms in the 1980s, mainly in small scale cultivation in Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, and Fujian, mainly exporting salted mushrooms to Japan.
First, the biological characteristics (a) mushroom body shape fruit clusters (color 29), each bundle of 15 to 50 strains ranging from less scattered. The cap is hemispherical when young, dark brown, gradually flattened out afterwards, the color becomes lighter, yellow-brown; the central color is dark, dark brown; cover is smooth, with 2 to 3 circles of markings; cover margin flat or slightly curved, slightly wavy; Cap diameter 2 ~ 13 cm; bacteria meat white, tough and crisp, dense. Flesh white to pale yellow, curved, sometimes straight, dense, unequal, free. The stipe is raw, cylindrical, 3 to 12 cm long. When young, the lower part is obviously swollen, white to off-white, coarse O.5 to 3.5 cm, and fine and thick. When fully grown, the thickness is almost the same, most of them are slightly curved. Yellow-brown stripes, in the real, when the old mature soft inside. The spores are colorless, smooth, spherical, and the spores are white. The conidia are white, and when the culture conditions are not suitable, they appear at the end of the aerial hyphae.
Clustered oyster mushroom (2) Mycelium characteristics Hyphae mycelium grows vigorously, germinates quickly, and has strong antibacterial activity. The old mycelium does not secrete yellow droplets, does not form bacilli, and produces arthropods and chlamydospores. On the slant medium, the hyphae are thick white, aerial mycelium is vigorous, and the ability to climb walls is strong. Suitable culture conditions, mycelium 7 to 10 days full of test tube slope; when the conditions are not suitable, easy to produce conidia, in the place away from the colony of many asterisk-like small colonies, culture is not easy to form fruiting bodies. When cultured with wood chips or cotton husks, the mycelium is robust and strong, strong in resistance, and not susceptible to aging. After being preserved in the dark for 1 year under natural air temperature conditions, the expanded culture can still germinate. The hyphae inoculum block of H. marmoreus has direct seeding capacity.
(III) Developmental process Hypsizygus marinus is a typical heterozonal combined edible fungus. Bacillus spores germinate into mononuclear hyphae under suitable conditions, fused mononuclear hyphae can be fused, protoplasm mated to form double-nuclei hyphae, and binuclear bacteria are suitable under suitable conditions. Silk kinks form primordia and develop into mature fruiting bodies. According to the morphological characteristics of different developmental stages of the fruiting body, it can be artificially divided into color-changing period, mushroom-shooting period, clear-white period, filling-in period, stretching period, and maturity period.
1. During the color change period, the mycelium of the mycelium mushroom was overgrown in the culture container until it matured. The bacteria in the container turned from pure white to gray. Before the differentiation of the fruit body, a thin layer of tile grey or earth gray short fleece appears on the surface of the culture material, so the color change period is called. This period lasts 3 to 4 days under suitable conditions.
2. During the 3 to 4 days after the coloring of the medium of mushroom buds, the velveteen hyphae begins to kink and form a scalloped bulge, which in turn develops into a grayish-yellow needlehead mushroom bud. Under suitable conditions, culture for 2 to 3 days, when it grows to 0.5 to 1 cm, it will enter the whitening stage. If the temperature is too high or the ventilation is poor and the light is insufficient, the bud can grow to more than 10 cm, and it can be maintained from January to several months without death. In normal conditions, the normal development ability can be restored.
3. Significant white period With the growth of mushroom buds, a small white spot appears at the tip of the mushroom bud and gradually grows into a round white plane with a diameter of 1 to 3 mm. This is the cap of the primary fungus. This stage is called the whitening period.
4. The growth and development of the primary cap of the cap period was 2 to 3 days. The white plane began to bulge and the color began to turn deep. 3 to 4 days after the formation of a complete cap, when the diameter of the cap 3 ~ 5 mm, deep red, the edge is often covered with small water droplets, the top of the cap begins to appear reticular markings, stipe began to grow, thickening.
5. After the growth of the fruiting body of the fruiting body in the extension period, the growth rate is accelerated, and the cap of the mushroom rapidly expands and thickens, the cover color becomes lighter, and the stipe is rapidly elongated and thickened. This stage has a strong metabolic activity and is sensitive to the culture conditions and should be carefully managed.
Second, living conditions (a) nutrients wild mushroom can be complete in the beech or other broad-leaved trees dead wood or living standing on the completion of the entire history of life, as a wood rot, the ability to decompose lignocellulose is very strong. In artificial cultivation, broad-leaved wood chips, cotton shells, corn cobs, various plant straw crumbs, distiller's grains, etc. can be used as the main culture medium. In the actual cultivation, in order to improve the yield and quality of oyster mushrooms, soy flour, bran or rice bran, cornmeal, calcium superphosphate, lime, or gypsum, etc. are added, which has a clear effect of increasing production.
(b) When moisture and humidity are artificially cultivated, the water content of the growth substrate of the mycelium is optimally 60% to 70%. The moisture content of the substrate is less than 45%, the mycelium grows slowly, sparsely, and easily senescent; above 75%, the mycelium grows slowly or does not grow. The moisture content of the substrate prior to fruiting can not be less than 50%, otherwise the differentiation of fruiting bodies is early and dense, the quality of grown fruit bodies is poor, and the yield is low.
During the differentiation and development of fruit bodies, the relative humidity of the air is required to be 85% to 95%. Especially, the requirement for air relative humidity is higher during the bud period. During the bud period, the air humidity is too low, the fruiting body is difficult to differentiate, and the bacteria buds are easy to die; long-term excessive humidity environment will affect the normal development of fruiting bodies, slow growth, stipe dark, bitter taste, susceptible to pests and diseases, appear on the mushroom Mushroom phenomenon.
(C) temperature of the genus Shigenomie is a low temperature variable temperature solid edible fungus, mycelium can grow between 5 ~ 30 °C, the optimum temperature is 20 ~ 25 °C, 5 °C below 30 °C above mycelial growth bad. In the cultivation practice, the culture temperature is generally controlled at 18 to 25°C in order to prevent bacterial infection. The temperature for the differentiation and development of the fruit of Pleurotus ostreatus is 8-22°C, and the optimum temperature is 12-16°C. The fruit bodies below 8°C and 22°C are difficult to differentiate. The temperature difference of 8～10°C stimulates the rapid differentiation of fruit bodies and increases the bud density. After the cover period, the fruit body can still grow slowly at a low temperature of 5 to 8°C and a temperature of 22 to 25°C. However, long-term low temperatures can cause abnormalities of the caps and large-foot mushrooms. Long-term high temperatures make the stipe long. The drooping of the cap of the mushroom is detrimental to the yield and quality of the oyster mushroom.
(4) pH The proper pH for the growth of the mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus is pH 5 to 7.5, and the optimum pH is 5.5 to 6.5. With a pH of more than 8.5, the inoculation block is difficult to sprout. Considering that the pH of the culture material will be reduced after sterilization, and the pH of the culture material will be reduced during the growth of the mycelium, and in order to prevent the contamination of the bacteria and promote the physiological maturity of the mycelium, the culture material should be used during the mixing. The pH is adjusted to 8 or so.
(5) Air Hyacinthus is an aerobically edible mushroom, and the growth of mycelium and the development of its fruit body need sufficient oxygen. When the mycelium is cultivated, the containers (cultivation bags, bottles, etc.) cannot be completely closed. Leave a certain gap, better ventilation and ventilation space can guarantee the mycelium oxygen supply throughout the growth period. If the demand for oxygen during the growth of mycelia is well satisfied, the germination time will be shortened, the mycelium will be thick and grow vigorously, and conditions will be created for the future high quality and high yield. At the same time, attention should be paid to the contradiction between the aeration and the culture water dispersion. Excessive evaporation of water in the culture material is not conducive to the normal differentiation and development of fruit bodies. During the development of fruit body differentiation, a moist and fresh air environment is required. If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mushrooming environment is too high, it will cause the growth of the fruit body to be slow, and there will be abnormal mushrooms. Carbon dioxide concentration should be controlled at 0.4% to 0.5%.
(6) Illumination of the mycelia of the oyster mushroom does not require light. Under dark conditions, the mycelium grows white and stout, and is not easy to age. In the scattered light and dark conditions, H. edodes can perform primordial differentiation, but the stoma formation, stipe elongation period requires scattered light, otherwise the fruit body is not well developed. The weak scattered light is beneficial to the color transition period; the whitening period requires slightly stronger scattered light; the cover period and the extension period require more than 200 lux, and the daily illumination time is not less than 10 hours. Light affects the quality of fruiting bodies, lack of illumination, occurrence of mushroom buds and irregularities, stipe length, small and thin cap, light fruit body color and poor quality.
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