The adaptability of special characteristics of greenhouse species to low temperature or high temperature in greenhouse production is mostly carried out in late autumn or winter and spring seasons. It is required that the varieties can grow and develop normally under low or high temperature conditions and maintain a high net assimilation rate. Create higher yields.
Low-tolerance tomatoes are hi-light plants, and their normal growth and development requires a certain amount of light. Especially when it shifts from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, good lighting conditions are more needed. Under the condition of insufficient sunshine in winter, the photosynthetic rate and net assimilation rate decreased, the flower bud differentiation was delayed, the number of flowers declined, the number of first flowering nodes increased, and even flowering and fruit falling, and finally affecting its yield. Therefore, it is required that the greenhouse cultivated varieties have strong resistance to low light.
Disease-resistant greenhouse cultivation in the low temperature and humidity, high temperature and humidity, low light, poor ventilation, rotation, etc., conducive to the survival and spread of pathogenic bacteria. Tomato leaf mold, gray mold, early and late blight, virus disease, nematode disease, etc. can easily lead to damage, resulting in reduced production, no harvest. Therefore, it is required that the varieties be multi-resistant, disease-resistant and high-yield.
The higher natural fruit set rate in the greenhouse under low temperature, low light or high temperature conditions, self-pollination of the tomatoes often fall fruit, fruit set rate is low. In the early winter of 2000, four varieties of cherry tomatoes were cultivated. The cherry fruit rate was as high as 88.7% when the delicious cherry red was not coated with 2,4-D, while the yellow pear was treated with 2,4-D. The rate is only 62%. Therefore, a higher natural fruit setting rate is required.
The plant type structure should be conducive to the group light transmission, ventilation and ease of field management. It is required that the degree of development of the plant type is small, the leaves are small, the amount of leaves is moderate, and it is suitable for dense planting and other characteristics.
Good product quality The investment in greenhouse vegetables is large, and the product is of good quality, so as to increase the output value. Therefore, the shape, size, and color of the product are more stringent. It requires a neat fruit shape, uniform coloring, a small umbilical, and excellent quality.
Selection of Greenhouse Tomato Cultivation Techniques Selection of varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation From the perspective of cultivation adaptability, the varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation include Dongnong 704, Zhongza No. 9, L402, Qiangfeng, Jiafen No. 10, Queen Chendu, and cherry tomatoes. Some of the varieties are Taiwanese Virgin. Delicious cherry red, new holy women and so on.
There are three forms of greenhouse production in the nursery: fall and winter pods, winter pods, and winter pods (early spring cultivating). In late autumn from July to early August in Henan, the nursery will be raised, and the winter will be raised in early September. In early spring, the seedlings will be cultivated from late November to early December. The nursery method has the highest success rate of plug seedlings, and the cultivated seedlings are full, high and strong, but the cost is high. Generally speaking, nursery seedlings or direct seeding seedlings are produced in the production, which saves time and time, but this method raises seedlings with low emergence rate and is susceptible to soil. Transmission of disease.
The fall/winter seedlings are in high temperature and rainy season. The seedbeds should be made of stilts, with shade nets and membranes to prevent rain, cool down and weaken the light. The seedbeds are filled with water and the water is completely absorbed by the soil. After the water has been absorbed by the soil, it is used as a 1m wide and 10m long plutonium. Seeds of 25g are spread evenly, cover soil 1~1.5cm, and two true leaves are transplanted. In autumn and winter, three leaves are sprayed with paclobutrazol to promote strong seedlings. After winter sow and winter and spring pods were sowed after planting, the mulch on the bed was covered with small sheds and small grass worms were added. Proper cooling before transplantation, low-temperature exercise to enhance its cold hardiness. Seedlings and transplanted soil see dry see wet.
Application of Grafting Technology The use of good rootstock grafting in greenhouse tomato cultivation is one of the effective measures to achieve high quality and high yield. The grafting of tomatoes is best, and the survival rate is high. The rootstock was sown one week earlier than the scion. When scioning 3 true leaves, 20% to 30% of the scion stalks and 2/3 of the rootstock stalks were cut downwards, and they were inserted obliquely and fixed by grafting clips. . Then, the grafted plants were placed under shading or incubating conditions, maintained at 80% humidity, and the grafted plants of winter mulberry and winter sorghum survived and then incubated at low temperatures to enhance their cold resistance. Domestic rootstock varieties with high resistance to wilt disease and resistance to bacterial wilt have been screened in Japan. Some breeding companies in Japan have recently cultivated a number of pests and diseases such as resistance to wilt disease, verticillium wilt, TMV, bacterial wilt, and sweet potato root nodule nematode. Low temperature, low light, strong adaptability, good rootstock varieties. The application of grafting technology will further promote the research of tomato disease resistance and high yield technology.
The use of new materials The use of silver-white reflective screens can reflect the sun's rays that enter the greenhouse into vegetable plants and the ground, increase the light intensity, and promote crop photosynthesis. Generally within 3m from the light curtain, the ground lightening rate is between 6.2% and 40.3%, and the 60cm air increasing rate is between 7.8% and 43%, which can increase the ground temperature and air temperature around 2°C. Since the use of a reflective screen can increase the light intensity and increase the temperature of the ground temperature, it can significantly increase the yield of vegetables per unit area.
Before the planting, the farmer fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer were applied before the management and planting. However, it is not that the more fertilization is, the better. Excessive fertilization will lead to the high concentration of local ammonium and nitrate in the soil and accumulation of available phosphorus and potassium. Appropriate application of organic fertilizer to reduce the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is the main measure to reduce the accumulation of nitrate in vegetables. General application of organic fertilizer 4000 ~ 5000Kg per 666.7 square meters, superphosphate or compound fertilizer 10 ~ 20Kg, deep-turn 30cm, squatting leveling, high ridge film, ridge bottom width 50cm, width 40cm, ridge spacing 100 ~ 120cm Around, easy ventilation management.
Cultivation density The greenhouse cultivation in the north is mostly high-density cultivation. Generally, the plant spacing is 25 cm, two rows of plants are planted, and 4000 to 5000 plants are planted every 666.7 cubic meters.
Colonization of autumn and winter planting in autumn and winter in late September, rushed to market before New Year's Day, overwintering and planting in late October, listed before the Spring Festival, winter and spring larvae first colonized after the cold, because only after entering the cold, the light intensity in the greenhouse to meet the light fruits and vegetables Light requirements.
After the planting management, management of temperature and humidity management in autumn and winter 茬 planting shade to reduce temperature, promote seedlings; winter 茬 and winter 茬 茬 planting seedlings to increase room temperature. Keep seedlings at 25°C during the day and below 20°C during the day. Cover the haystacks at temperatures below 10°C. The result is 25°C during the day and 15-17°C at night, which increases the temperature difference between day and night, which is beneficial to the accumulation of organic substances. The relative humidity of air is kept at 45% to 60%.
Fertilizer management Watering and fertilizing generally use submerged irrigation with fertilizer or drip irrigation and hole irrigation. Before the fruit is sitting, it is not watered. After sitting on the first panicle, it is watered and combined with fertilization. Apply urea 15Kg and potassium sulfate 3~5Kg every 666.7 square meters. Afterwards, no drought or water will be poured. A fertilizer, after each harvest a fruit, chase a compound fertilizer.
The shortage of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse facilities for adding carbon dioxide gas fertilizers has become a major factor limiting the production of high quality and high yields of vegetables. Increasing carbon dioxide is one of the effective measures for high yields, quality, and efficiency of vegetables. At present, China adopts chemical reaction method and applies organic organic gas fertilizer method to increase carbon dioxide gas fertilizer. The common tomato carbon dioxide concentration is 750 ~ 1000mg / L, application time should be shortly after sunrise, 0.5 ~ 1h before ventilation to stop using, rain and snow days do not have to use. It should be applied during flowering and fruit setting period. This measure has obvious effects on reducing flowering and fruiting, increasing fruit setting rate and promoting fruit growth.
Pruning and pruning are generally done with a basket of bamboo poles or a wire rope hanging vines. The greenhouse production aims at precocity and increases the output value. For indefinitely growing varieties, single pruning is performed, 3 to 4 spikes are picked up, and the limited growth cultivars are two ears. Fruit side branches and one ear fruit topping heart, leaving two leaves, cherry tomatoes are dropped off, so that unlimited growth, generally about 15 spikes fruit can be harvested.
In order to improve the uniformity and commercial quality of fruit, sparse flowers, sparse and fruit-clearing leaves need to be thinned and sparsely fruited, generally 2~3 fruit per panicle for large fruit type, 3~4 fruit per panicle for medium fruit type, and small The fruit type has 8 to 10 fruit per ear and the remaining flowers and young fruit are all removed. For cherry tomatoes, fruit thinning is generally not performed because of the extremely small fruit size. When the first panicle enters the color transformation period, the lower old leaves are removed, which is advantageous for ventilation and ventilation and reduces nutrient consumption.
The auxin treatment of solar greenhouses due to the temperature is too high or too low, poor lighting conditions, easy to drop flowers and fruit, commonly used in the production of 2,4-D, anti-dropping and other treatment, in order to prevent repeated spraying, smearing, adding red in the solution Advertising color or black ink is used as a marker, and the concentration is strictly controlled when used. The concentration of 2,4-D is generally 10 to 20 mg/Kg, and the concentration of anti-dropping agent is generally 30 to 40 mg/Kg. In the hot season or when the plant growth is weak, the use concentration may be slightly lower, and vice versa. To mention the morning market, ripening the fruit with 40% ethephon 500-800 times.
Prevention and control of pests and diseases should be based on prevention and comprehensive prevention and control.
Using disease-free seeds, the seeds are generally soaked in 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes.
Aseptic soil nursery, colonization and non-solanum vegetables for 2 years rotation. Early field preparation and thorough removal of field weeds.
Cultivate strong seedlings and plant them timely. After spraying, the seedlings were sprayed once every 7 days with a 40% solution of 200 mg of aluminum phosphonate and 800 times of a 70% solution of mancozeb, which was sprayed three times.
Strengthen ventilation management and early pruning.
The N, P, and K fertilizers should be used in a rational manner and attention should be paid to the application of potash fertilizer. Reasonable and uniform irrigation, avoid flood irrigation, timely drainage after rain.
Nursery beds and planting fields should be protected against aphids and whitefly, silver plastic film can be used to avoid maggots, or yellow plates used to trap adult worms, but also can be used 20% of swine 2000 times solution or 40% of cypermethrin 500 times solution spray. For the cotton bollworm can also use the same liquid control.
In the early stage of fungal disease, spraying 65% buprenorphine 1500 times, or 40% ethoxyphos-aluminum 250 times, or 64% antiviral 500 times, etc., bacterial disease spraying agricultural streptomycin 150ppm, or 14% Ammonia copper 300 times, etc., the initial stage of viral disease, spraying 20% ​​of the virus A500 times, or 11.5% of the plant disease Ling 1000 times. Diseased diseased plants, timely removal, removal, deep buried or burned.
Low-tolerance tomatoes are hi-light plants, and their normal growth and development requires a certain amount of light. Especially when it shifts from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, good lighting conditions are more needed. Under the condition of insufficient sunshine in winter, the photosynthetic rate and net assimilation rate decreased, the flower bud differentiation was delayed, the number of flowers declined, the number of first flowering nodes increased, and even flowering and fruit falling, and finally affecting its yield. Therefore, it is required that the greenhouse cultivated varieties have strong resistance to low light.
Disease-resistant greenhouse cultivation in the low temperature and humidity, high temperature and humidity, low light, poor ventilation, rotation, etc., conducive to the survival and spread of pathogenic bacteria. Tomato leaf mold, gray mold, early and late blight, virus disease, nematode disease, etc. can easily lead to damage, resulting in reduced production, no harvest. Therefore, it is required that the varieties be multi-resistant, disease-resistant and high-yield.
The higher natural fruit set rate in the greenhouse under low temperature, low light or high temperature conditions, self-pollination of the tomatoes often fall fruit, fruit set rate is low. In the early winter of 2000, four varieties of cherry tomatoes were cultivated. The cherry fruit rate was as high as 88.7% when the delicious cherry red was not coated with 2,4-D, while the yellow pear was treated with 2,4-D. The rate is only 62%. Therefore, a higher natural fruit setting rate is required.
The plant type structure should be conducive to the group light transmission, ventilation and ease of field management. It is required that the degree of development of the plant type is small, the leaves are small, the amount of leaves is moderate, and it is suitable for dense planting and other characteristics.
Good product quality The investment in greenhouse vegetables is large, and the product is of good quality, so as to increase the output value. Therefore, the shape, size, and color of the product are more stringent. It requires a neat fruit shape, uniform coloring, a small umbilical, and excellent quality.
Selection of Greenhouse Tomato Cultivation Techniques Selection of varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation From the perspective of cultivation adaptability, the varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation include Dongnong 704, Zhongza No. 9, L402, Qiangfeng, Jiafen No. 10, Queen Chendu, and cherry tomatoes. Some of the varieties are Taiwanese Virgin. Delicious cherry red, new holy women and so on.
There are three forms of greenhouse production in the nursery: fall and winter pods, winter pods, and winter pods (early spring cultivating). In late autumn from July to early August in Henan, the nursery will be raised, and the winter will be raised in early September. In early spring, the seedlings will be cultivated from late November to early December. The nursery method has the highest success rate of plug seedlings, and the cultivated seedlings are full, high and strong, but the cost is high. Generally speaking, nursery seedlings or direct seeding seedlings are produced in the production, which saves time and time, but this method raises seedlings with low emergence rate and is susceptible to soil. Transmission of disease.
The fall/winter seedlings are in high temperature and rainy season. The seedbeds should be made of stilts, with shade nets and membranes to prevent rain, cool down and weaken the light. The seedbeds are filled with water and the water is completely absorbed by the soil. After the water has been absorbed by the soil, it is used as a 1m wide and 10m long plutonium. Seeds of 25g are spread evenly, cover soil 1~1.5cm, and two true leaves are transplanted. In autumn and winter, three leaves are sprayed with paclobutrazol to promote strong seedlings. After winter sow and winter and spring pods were sowed after planting, the mulch on the bed was covered with small sheds and small grass worms were added. Proper cooling before transplantation, low-temperature exercise to enhance its cold hardiness. Seedlings and transplanted soil see dry see wet.
Application of Grafting Technology The use of good rootstock grafting in greenhouse tomato cultivation is one of the effective measures to achieve high quality and high yield. The grafting of tomatoes is best, and the survival rate is high. The rootstock was sown one week earlier than the scion. When scioning 3 true leaves, 20% to 30% of the scion stalks and 2/3 of the rootstock stalks were cut downwards, and they were inserted obliquely and fixed by grafting clips. . Then, the grafted plants were placed under shading or incubating conditions, maintained at 80% humidity, and the grafted plants of winter mulberry and winter sorghum survived and then incubated at low temperatures to enhance their cold resistance. Domestic rootstock varieties with high resistance to wilt disease and resistance to bacterial wilt have been screened in Japan. Some breeding companies in Japan have recently cultivated a number of pests and diseases such as resistance to wilt disease, verticillium wilt, TMV, bacterial wilt, and sweet potato root nodule nematode. Low temperature, low light, strong adaptability, good rootstock varieties. The application of grafting technology will further promote the research of tomato disease resistance and high yield technology.
The use of new materials The use of silver-white reflective screens can reflect the sun's rays that enter the greenhouse into vegetable plants and the ground, increase the light intensity, and promote crop photosynthesis. Generally within 3m from the light curtain, the ground lightening rate is between 6.2% and 40.3%, and the 60cm air increasing rate is between 7.8% and 43%, which can increase the ground temperature and air temperature around 2°C. Since the use of a reflective screen can increase the light intensity and increase the temperature of the ground temperature, it can significantly increase the yield of vegetables per unit area.
Before the planting, the farmer fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer were applied before the management and planting. However, it is not that the more fertilization is, the better. Excessive fertilization will lead to the high concentration of local ammonium and nitrate in the soil and accumulation of available phosphorus and potassium. Appropriate application of organic fertilizer to reduce the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is the main measure to reduce the accumulation of nitrate in vegetables. General application of organic fertilizer 4000 ~ 5000Kg per 666.7 square meters, superphosphate or compound fertilizer 10 ~ 20Kg, deep-turn 30cm, squatting leveling, high ridge film, ridge bottom width 50cm, width 40cm, ridge spacing 100 ~ 120cm Around, easy ventilation management.
Cultivation density The greenhouse cultivation in the north is mostly high-density cultivation. Generally, the plant spacing is 25 cm, two rows of plants are planted, and 4000 to 5000 plants are planted every 666.7 cubic meters.
Colonization of autumn and winter planting in autumn and winter in late September, rushed to market before New Year's Day, overwintering and planting in late October, listed before the Spring Festival, winter and spring larvae first colonized after the cold, because only after entering the cold, the light intensity in the greenhouse to meet the light fruits and vegetables Light requirements.
After the planting management, management of temperature and humidity management in autumn and winter 茬 planting shade to reduce temperature, promote seedlings; winter 茬 and winter 茬 茬 planting seedlings to increase room temperature. Keep seedlings at 25°C during the day and below 20°C during the day. Cover the haystacks at temperatures below 10°C. The result is 25°C during the day and 15-17°C at night, which increases the temperature difference between day and night, which is beneficial to the accumulation of organic substances. The relative humidity of air is kept at 45% to 60%.
Fertilizer management Watering and fertilizing generally use submerged irrigation with fertilizer or drip irrigation and hole irrigation. Before the fruit is sitting, it is not watered. After sitting on the first panicle, it is watered and combined with fertilization. Apply urea 15Kg and potassium sulfate 3~5Kg every 666.7 square meters. Afterwards, no drought or water will be poured. A fertilizer, after each harvest a fruit, chase a compound fertilizer.
The shortage of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse facilities for adding carbon dioxide gas fertilizers has become a major factor limiting the production of high quality and high yields of vegetables. Increasing carbon dioxide is one of the effective measures for high yields, quality, and efficiency of vegetables. At present, China adopts chemical reaction method and applies organic organic gas fertilizer method to increase carbon dioxide gas fertilizer. The common tomato carbon dioxide concentration is 750 ~ 1000mg / L, application time should be shortly after sunrise, 0.5 ~ 1h before ventilation to stop using, rain and snow days do not have to use. It should be applied during flowering and fruit setting period. This measure has obvious effects on reducing flowering and fruiting, increasing fruit setting rate and promoting fruit growth.
Pruning and pruning are generally done with a basket of bamboo poles or a wire rope hanging vines. The greenhouse production aims at precocity and increases the output value. For indefinitely growing varieties, single pruning is performed, 3 to 4 spikes are picked up, and the limited growth cultivars are two ears. Fruit side branches and one ear fruit topping heart, leaving two leaves, cherry tomatoes are dropped off, so that unlimited growth, generally about 15 spikes fruit can be harvested.
In order to improve the uniformity and commercial quality of fruit, sparse flowers, sparse and fruit-clearing leaves need to be thinned and sparsely fruited, generally 2~3 fruit per panicle for large fruit type, 3~4 fruit per panicle for medium fruit type, and small The fruit type has 8 to 10 fruit per ear and the remaining flowers and young fruit are all removed. For cherry tomatoes, fruit thinning is generally not performed because of the extremely small fruit size. When the first panicle enters the color transformation period, the lower old leaves are removed, which is advantageous for ventilation and ventilation and reduces nutrient consumption.
The auxin treatment of solar greenhouses due to the temperature is too high or too low, poor lighting conditions, easy to drop flowers and fruit, commonly used in the production of 2,4-D, anti-dropping and other treatment, in order to prevent repeated spraying, smearing, adding red in the solution Advertising color or black ink is used as a marker, and the concentration is strictly controlled when used. The concentration of 2,4-D is generally 10 to 20 mg/Kg, and the concentration of anti-dropping agent is generally 30 to 40 mg/Kg. In the hot season or when the plant growth is weak, the use concentration may be slightly lower, and vice versa. To mention the morning market, ripening the fruit with 40% ethephon 500-800 times.
Prevention and control of pests and diseases should be based on prevention and comprehensive prevention and control.
Using disease-free seeds, the seeds are generally soaked in 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes.
Aseptic soil nursery, colonization and non-solanum vegetables for 2 years rotation. Early field preparation and thorough removal of field weeds.
Cultivate strong seedlings and plant them timely. After spraying, the seedlings were sprayed once every 7 days with a 40% solution of 200 mg of aluminum phosphonate and 800 times of a 70% solution of mancozeb, which was sprayed three times.
Strengthen ventilation management and early pruning.
The N, P, and K fertilizers should be used in a rational manner and attention should be paid to the application of potash fertilizer. Reasonable and uniform irrigation, avoid flood irrigation, timely drainage after rain.
Nursery beds and planting fields should be protected against aphids and whitefly, silver plastic film can be used to avoid maggots, or yellow plates used to trap adult worms, but also can be used 20% of swine 2000 times solution or 40% of cypermethrin 500 times solution spray. For the cotton bollworm can also use the same liquid control.
In the early stage of fungal disease, spraying 65% buprenorphine 1500 times, or 40% ethoxyphos-aluminum 250 times, or 64% antiviral 500 times, etc., bacterial disease spraying agricultural streptomycin 150ppm, or 14% Ammonia copper 300 times, etc., the initial stage of viral disease, spraying 20% ​​of the virus A500 times, or 11.5% of the plant disease Ling 1000 times. Diseased diseased plants, timely removal, removal, deep buried or burned.
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