1. The breeding and management of rams As the saying goes, mothers have only one nest, and the public has a good slope. Therefore, the breeding of rams has a great influence on the sheep. The breeding of rams must be meticulous and thoughtful, so that it is neither fat nor thin. It is kept in the middle and upper sensations all year round. It is robust, lively, energetic and sexually active.
The ram's feed requires high nutritional value, good palatability, and easy digestion. Appropriate raw materials are oats, barley, peas, black beans, corn, yellow rice, sorghum, bean cakes, bran and so on. Succulent feeds include carrots, beets and corn silage. Crude fodder includes alfalfa hay, barley wheat hay, green oat hay, and clover. The feed for the species of rams should be solved on the spot as far as possible, avoiding long-distance transportation, but the feed species must find ways to meet them.
The best way to feed rams is to combine grazing and house-feeding. In the grass season, grazing is the mainstay, and in the comfrey period, it is mainly grazing. In addition to grazing in the non-breeding period, winter and spring can supply 400-600 grams of mixed coarse material, 0.5 kg of carrot or Kuan root, 3 kg of hay, 5-10 grams of salt, and 5 grams of bone meal. Summer and autumn are mainly grazing. The cancellation of the supplementation of hay and succulent feed, only 500 grams of concentrate, drinking water 1-2 times. The breeding period can be divided into the preparation period (1-1.5 months before the breeding) and the breeding period (1 to 1.5 months after the breeding). During the preparatory period of breeding, the amount of concentrate should be increased. According to the feeding period of 60% to 70% of the breeding period, the amount of concentrate feeding is gradually increased to the breeding period. In addition to grazing during the breeding period, the amount of feed supplements is generally large: 0.8-1.2 kilograms of concentrate, 0.5-1.0 kilograms of carrots, 2 kilograms of hay, 15-20 grams of salt, and 5-10 grams of bone meal. Forage grass fed 2-3 times, drinking 3-4 times a day. During the rejuvenation period after mating, the fine material is not reduced at the initial stage, and the grazing time is increased. After these times, the fine material is gradually reduced until the transition to the non-breeding period feeding standard.
The ram breeding standards are shown in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1 Feeding Standard Weight (kg) for Rams Feed Unit (kg) Digestible Crude Protein (g) Salt (G) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Carotene (mg) Non-Mating Period 70 1.3-1.6 115.145 10-15 7.0-8.0 4.0-4.5 14-21 80 1.4-1.7 125-155 10-15 7.5-8.5 4.3-5.0 16-24 90 1.5-1.8 135-165 10-15 8.0-9.0 5.0-5.5 18- 27 100 1.6-1.9 145-175 10-15 9.0-9.5 5.3-5.8 20-30 110 1.7-2.0 155-185 10-15 9.5-10.5 5.5-6.0 22-33 120 1.8-2.1 165-195 10-15 10.0 -11.0 5.7-6.2 24-36 130 1.9-2.2 170-205 10-15 10.5-11.5 5.9-6.4 26-40 Breeding period (2-3 daily collections) 70 1.8-2.1 200-205 15-20 9.5 -10.5 7.0-7.5 28-35 80 1.9-2.2 210-265 15-20 9.5-11.0 7.5-8.0 32-40 90 2.0-2.3 220-275 15-20 10.5-11.5 8.0-8.5 36-45 100 2.1-2.4 230-285 15-20 11.5-12.5 8.5-9.0 40-50 110 2.2-2.5 240-295 15-20 11.5-13.0 9.0-10.0 44-55 120 2.3-2.6 250-305 15-20 12.0-13.5 9.5-10.5 48-60 130 2.4-2.7 260-315 15-20 12.5-14.0 10.0-11.0 52-65 Breeding period (4-5 daily collections) 70 2.0-2.4 270-380 15-20 13.0-14.5 10.0-11.0 35-42 80 2.2-2. 6 290-385 15-20 14.0-15.5 11.0-12.0 40-48 90 2.3-2.7 310-405 15-20 15.0-16.5 12.0-13.0 45-54 100 2.4-2.8 325-420 15-20 16.0-17.5 13.0- 14.0 50-60 110 2.5-2.9 340-435 15-20 17.0-18.5 14.0-15.0 55-66 120 2.6-3.0 350-445 15-20 18.0-19.0 14.5-15.5 60-70 130 2.7-3.1 360-455 15 -20 18.5-19.5 15.0-16.0 65-75 The management of rams should be conscientious and responsible, and should remain relatively constant throughout the year. Grazing rams and supplementary feeding should be conducted in groups of rams separately to avoid polyculture between the public and the mothers. Otherwise, the sheep's feeding will be uneasy. Affect ram libido. The ram house should be ventilated, sunny, spacious and sturdy, kept clean, dry and regularly disinfected.
2. Feeding and Management of Ewes The breeding of ewes in one year can be divided into three phases: empty period, gestation period and feeding period. For each stage of ewes should be based on their mating, pregnancy, breastfeeding and other reproductive tasks, to provide reasonable feeding to meet the nutritional needs of ewes at all stages.
(1) Empty breeding period The ewes have no pregnancy during pregnancy and no burden of lactation, so they are neglected. In fact, the nutritional status of the ewes directly affects the estrus, ovulation, and conception. Good nutrition, good body condition, ejaculate neat, ovulation more. Therefore, strengthening the feeding and management of ewe during the empty period, especially the breeding and management before mating, is crucial to improve the breeding ability of ewe. Before 1-1.5 months of breeding, the breeding ewes should be grazing in a good pasture, so that the ewes will soon rejuvenate and strive to meet the breeding requirements. For individuals with poor body condition, after giving short-term excellent feeding, the sheep have the same sensation and the estrus is concentrated, which is convenient for breeding and lamb production. The standard of producing ewes is shown in Table 4-2
Table 4-2 Criteria for feeding ewes at the ewes Period Month Weight (kg) Digestive Energy (Major Coke) Digestible Crude Protein (g) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Salt (g) Carotene (mg) 4-6 25-30 10.9-13.4 70-90 3.0-4.0 2.0-3.0 5-8 5-8 6-8 30-36 12.6-14.6 72-95 4.0-5.2 2.8-3.2 6-9 6-8 8-10 36- 42 14.6-16.7 73-95 4.5-55.5 3.0-3.5 7-10 6-8 10-12 37-45 14.6-17.2 75-100 5.2-6.0 3.2-3.6 8-11 7-9 12-18 42-50 14.6 -17.2 75-95 5.5-6.5 3.2-3.6 8-11 7-9
(2) The gestation period of the gravid sheep is about 5 months. Pregnancy is divided into pregnancy and late pregnancy. The pre-pregnancy period, which is the first 3 months of pregnancy, is due to the slower development of the fetus and the same nutrients as empty. In general, grazing in the green grass period can meet the nutritional needs without supplementation, and some hay should be added during the hay period.
Late pregnancy, the last 2 months of pregnancy, when the fetus grows rapidly, 805-90% of the weight of the fetus is formed at this stage, this stage needs feed nutrition, full price. If the lack of nutrition during this period will affect the development of the fetus, the lamb's initial weight is small, the coat is sparse, the physiological function is not perfect, the body temperature regulation ability is poor, the resistance is weak, the survival rate of the lamb is low, and it is easy to die. At the same time, the ewes are of poor health and lactation. Decreasing the amount will also affect the health and growth of the lamb.
According to the research, the energy level of the ewes in the late pregnancy is 17%-22% higher than that in the empty period, the protein is increased by 40%-60%, the calcium and phosphorus increase 1-2 times, and the vitamin increases 2 times. Therefore, pregnant ewes need enough nutrients. This phase must be supplemented except for release. According to grazing and feeding conditions. Each day can make up 0.45 kg of fine material, 1-1.5 kg of hay, 1 kg of silage, 0.5 kg of carrot, 5 g of bone meal. Feeding standards for pregnant ewes are shown in Table 4-3 and Table 4-4.
Table 4-3 Ewe's Pre-pregnancy Standard Weight (kg) Feed Unit (kg) Digestible Crude Protein (g) Salt (g) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Carotene (mg) Both wool and flesh 40 0.95-0.95 60-75 8-10 2.5-3.3 1.8-2.5 10-12 50 0.85-1.05 75-90 8-10 2.7-3.5 1.9-2.5 10-12 60 0.95-1.15 80-95 8-10 3.0- 4.0 2.0-2.7 10-12 70 1.00-1.15 85-100 8-10 3.5-4.5 2.3-3.0 10-12 Flesh and meat varieties 50 0.95-1.15 70-85 9-12 2.7-3.5 1.9-2.5 10 -15 60 1.05-1.25 80-95 9-12 3.0-4.0 2.0-2.7 10-15 70 1.15-1.35 85-100 9-12 3.3-4.5 2.2-2.9 10-15 80 1.20-1.40 90-105 9-12 3.5-4.5 2.3-3.0 10-15 In the management of gestational ewes, early abortions should be prevented in the early stages, and they should be considered in the later period. Flocks should avoid eating frozen feeds, moldy and deteriorating feeds, drinking water without ice, preventing frightening sheep, and not catching up with hurries. When entering and exiting the ring, prevent crowding. There should be sufficient quantities of grass racks, troughs and sinks to prevent Abortion caused by crowded feeding.
Table 4-4 Ewe feeding standard weight (kg) feed unit (kg) Digestible crude protein (g) Salt (g) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Carotene (mg) ) For both wool and flesh varieties 40 1.00-1.20 95-115 10-12 6.5-7.5 3.2-4.0 15-20 50 1.15-1.30 105-125 10-12 7.5-8.5 3.5-4.5 15-20 60 1.30-1.40 115-135 10-12 8.0-9.0 4.0-5.0 15-20 70 1.40-1.50 125-145 10-12 8.5-9.5 4.5-5.5 15-20 Flesh Plus and Meat Variety 50 1.25-1.45 115-135 11- 14 7.5-8.5 3.5-4.5 20-25 60 1.35-1.55 125-140 11-14 8.0-9.0 4.0-5.0 20-25 70 1.45-1.65 135-150 11-14 8.5-9.5 4.2-5.2 20-25 80 1.50 -1.80 145-160 11-14 9.0-10.0 4.5-5.5 20-25
(3) Feeding and management of ewes during lactation Breast-feeding period is 3-4 months, and it is divided into pre-lactation and post-lactation periods. In the pre-lactation period, 2 months before the lactation period, the main nutrition of the lamb is dependent on breast milk. Breast milk is abundant and abundant, lambs grow fast, have good physique, have strong disease resistance, and have a high survival rate. Therefore, we must strengthen the feeding and management of the ewes in pre-lactation and promote their lactation. Feeding standards for suckling ewes are shown in Table 4-5.
The pre-lactation period is generally in the early spring withered grass, and grazing alone can not meet the needs of the ewes' lactation, so feed must be supplemented. The amount of supplement should be based on the body condition of the ewes and the number of lambs that are sucking. The single-born ewes produce 0.3-0.5 kilograms of supplements per day, 1 kilogram of hay and alfalfa hay, and 1.5 kilograms of juicy feed. The production of double lamb ewes supplements 0.4-0.6 kg per day, 1 kg of hay and 1.5 kg of juicy feed. The production of double lamb ewes supplements 0.4-0.6 kg per day, 1 kg of hay and 1.5 kg of juicy feed.
Table 4-5 Maternal feeding standard weight (kg) Feed unit (kg) Digestible crude protein (g) Salt (g) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Carotene (mg) Hair and wool The ewes' milk yield guarantees an average of 200-250 grams per day and night for a lamb hundred. 40 1.4-1.8 140-180 12-14 7.2-8.4 4.2-5.2 15-20 50 1.5-1.9 150-190 12-14 7.6-8.8 4.4-5.4 15-20 60 1.6-2.0 160-200 13-15 8.0-9.2 4.6-5.6 15-20 70 1.7-2.1 170-210 13-15 8.4-9.6 4.8-5.8 15-20 2 Ewe milk volume Guarantee the average weight gain of two lambs every day and night 300-400 g 40 1.7-2.2 180-230 14-16 8.8-10.8 5.4-6.6 20-25 50 1.8-2.3 190-240 14-16 9.2-11.2 5.6-6.8 20- 25 60 1.9-2.4 200-250 15-17 9.6-11.6 5.8-7.0 20-25 70 2.0-2.5 210-260 15-17 10.0-12.0 6.0-7.2 20-25 Flesh and meat species 1 Ewe lactation The quantity guarantees an average daily gain of 250-300 grams for a lamb every day and night 50 1.6-2.0 160-200 12-15 8.0-9.2 5.0-6.0 15-20 60 1.8-2.1 180-210 12-15 8.4-9.6 5.2-6.2 15 -20 70 1.9-2.2 190-220 13-16 8.8-10.0 5.4-6.4 15-20 80 2.0-2.3 220-230 13-16 9.2-10.4 5.6-6.6 15-20 The ewes' milk yield ensures an average daily gain of 400-500 grams per day for both lambs. 2.1-2.6 210-260 15-17 10.6-11.8 6.8-7.8 20-25 60 2.2-2.7 220-270 15-17 11.0-12.2 7.0 -8.0 20-25 70 2.3-2.8 230-280 16-18 11.4-12.6 7.2-8.2 20-25 80 2.4-2.9 240-290 16-18 11.8-13.0 7.4-8.4 20-25 1 ewe after lambing In the month, the amount of lactation reached a peak, and gradually decreased after 2 months. At this time, the gastrointestinal function of the lamb has been improved, which can benefit a large number of grasses and crushed concentrates. It is no longer entirely dependent on the nutrition of breast milk. The ewes will then Into the late lactation period. For ewes in the later period of lactation, grazing should be the main method, supplementation should be supplemented, and supplementation should be gradually cancelled. For the ewes during the weedy period, some hay can be supplemented.
3. Lamb's lamb cultivation period is the most vigorous growth period in life. It cultivates lambs and creates a suitable breeding and management environment for them to develop in the direction that people desire. This is to improve the production performance of the sheep and create a high-yielding sheep herd. The important measures are to promote the development of sheep breeding.
(1) The Lamb's care during the development of the lambs is not mature in all organs. The body is weak, and the adaptability is poor. The death occurs at the pole. In order to increase the survival rate of lambs and reduce the incidence of death, special care is required for lambs.
1 Insulation Early cold lambs have poor body temperature regulation and are extremely sensitive to changes in outside temperature. Therefore, winter lambs and early spring lambs must be well insulated and protected against cold. First, after the lamb is born, let the ewes pick up the mucus on the lamb as soon as possible. When the ewes do not want to lick, they can sprinkle some bran on the lamb. Second, the mother sheep house should be warm and suitable, generally should be above 5 °C. When the temperature is low, heating equipment should be installed on the ground to store some warm insulation materials, such as soft hay, wheat straw, etc., and pay attention to check the doors and windows walls are closed, with or without thieves wind invasion.
2 eat good colostrum colostrum (ewe lactation within 3-5 days after delivery) thick, rich in protein, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients, including magnesium salts also promote gastrointestinal motility, excretion of fecal meconium. What's more important is that colostrum contains a lot of antibodies, but the lamb itself does not produce antibodies. Colostrum is the only source of lambs to get antibodies against the invasion of external bacteria. Therefore, eating colostrum in time is one of the key measures to improve the resistance and survival of lambs. The newborn lamb must ensure that he has colostrum within 30 minutes. Because the ewes have no milk after delivery or the postpartum death of the ewes, they cannot eat the lambs of their ewe's colostrum, and they must also eat the other ewes. Colostrum, otherwise it is difficult to survive.
For ewes with strong motherhood, lambs are usually bred after childbirth, but some ewes, especially primiparous ewes, do not have experience of nursing lambs, have poor maternity, and do not seek lambs after their delivery. They must force manual feeding. That is, the ewe will be settled and the lamb will be pushed to the breast. The lamb will suck the milk. After a few times, the lamb will be able to feed its own ewe. For lambs deprived of breast milk, they should be found for nanny sheep, that is, for mothers who have died or give birth to single lambs. In the beginning, one must help the lamb to recognize the milk, and the ewes recognize the young. The mother's milk or urine can be applied to the lamb's head and hindquarters to confuse the sense of smell of the ewes and prevent the nanny from rejecting the lambs. After that time, the nanny sheep can recognise breastfeeding. For the one-million-dozen ewes, artificial supplements are used to allow each lamb to eat colostrum so that each lamb can survive. Otherwise, one lamb and one lamb will be meaningless.
3 Lambing time for lambs to evacuate At least 3 to 7 days after delivery, the mother should live in a lamb-raising room. On the one hand, the lambs can be fed at any time; on the other hand, the mothers can be encouraged and identified. For conditional sheep farms, mothers are advised to feed together for 15-20 days. During this time, lambs eat more milk, and they need to eat a handful of milk almost every one hour. After 20 days, the number of lambs being sucked can be reduced. The lamb can be kept in the sheep house. The ewes go out to grazing during the day and come back to milk once a day at noon. Adding herds and herdings and milk thus means that the lamb eats three times a day.
4 do a good job of environmental health, reduce the incidence of disease Lamb incidence is high, the cause of the disease Lei more because of the sheep and the surrounding environment of the bacteria contamination, so do a good job in the health management of housing, to eliminate all the factors of the occurrence of the disease. The feeding staff should carefully observe whether the intake, drinking water, and feces are normal each day when adding grass and feeding materials.
(2) Methods for lamb cultivation 1 The positive rate of living lambs in the late gestation period of ewes is positively correlated with the birth weight. Since 90% of the birth weight is increased during the later period of pregnancy, it is crucial to ensure that the ewes' nutrition during the latter part of pregnancy is the normal development of the lamb and the enhancement of the lamb's constitution. Because the ewes' nutritional status at the late pregnancy is closely related to the birth weight of the lamb and the postpartum lactation of the ewes, it also affects the weaning weight of the lamb.
Breeding ewes that are well-nourished in the season should gain more than 10-15 kg before delivery. Ewes who are malnourished during the maternal season should be fed high-quality forage in late pregnancy, in order to maintain the health of the pregnant ewe and the normal development of the fetus. According to the Hebei Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, the effects of weight gain on lamb development in the late gestation period of ewes are shown in Table 4-6.
Table 4-6 Effect of weight gain on lamb development during late gestation in ewes Yearly only (Only) Weight gain in late pregnancy X (Kg) Lamb birth weight X (Kg) 3 Months Wean weight X
(Kilograms) 1992 234 8.43 5.03 28.09 1993 205 10.24 5.42 30.67 2 Manual Nursing If the ewes die after giving birth, there is milk inflammation, or there are too many lambs to find a suitable babysitter, artificial breast-feeding can be used. Manual feeding is labor-intensive and time-consuming, and it is only suitable for sheep farms with a small amount of feeding. Artificial milk can be replaced with fresh milk, goat milk, milk powder, soy milk and so on. When using milk or goat's milk to feed sheep, try to use fresh milk. The fresher the milk, the better its taste and nutrients, and the less bacteria and impurities. When you use milk powder to feed lambs, you should first dissolve the milk powder with a small amount of warm boiled water and then heat it to prevent it from picking up in the milk powder. If necessary, add some cod liver oil, carrot juice, and a variety of vitamins. When using homemade soymilk, rice soup, bean noodles and other homemade foods to feed lambs, a small amount of salt and bone powder should be added, and some egg yolks, cod liver oil, and carrot juice should be added as appropriate. The key to artificial breastfeeding is to master the five links of temperature, concentration, feeding amount, frequency and sanitation.
Temperature: The temperature at which lambs eat artificial milk must be mastered. High temperature, easy to damage the lamb, or constipation; low temperature, prone to indigestion, diarrhea, swelling and so on. Lambs less than one month old in winter generally have a milk temperature of 38-39°C and summer 35-36°C. As the lamb's age increases, the temperature of the artificial milk can be appropriately reduced.
Concentration: It is mainly determined by observing the excretion of urine of the lamb, especially during the first week of artificial nursing. If the lamb's urine is too much, the sheep's house is damp, indicating that the milk is too thin; the urine is small, the excrement is oily black, sticky and smelly, and the amount is large, indicating that the milk is too thick to be adjusted properly. The artificial milk concentration should be thicker in the early period of the lamb, and the lamb can be thinner after it is larger.
Feeding quantity: The amount of artificial feeding for lambs is not much, and should not be excessive. Generally, it is controlled at the rate of 80% fullness. With the amount of offspring should be determined according to the robustness of the lamb's physical fitness, newborn lambs fed the whole day is equivalent to 1/5 of the birth weight is appropriate. When feeding porridge and soup, the amount of feed should be lower than the standard of feeding, especially in the first few days, first to give less, adapt to increase the amount. When the lamb is healthy and has good appetite, it should be increased by 1/4-1/3 every week compared with the previous week; if it is indigestion, the amount of feed should be reduced, drinking water should be increased, and appropriate treatment measures should be taken.
Number of times: newborn lambs should be fed 6 times a day, fed once every 3-5 hours, and can be extended or reduced at night during sleep. Feed 4-5 times a day after 10 days, and feed once every 5-6 hours. After 20 days, the lamb can feed on grass. The number of feedings per day can be reduced to 3-4 times.
Sanitary Disinfection: Newborn lambs have weak physiques, poor adaptability, and weak resistance to diseases. Therefore, it is necessary for the healthy growth of the lambs to do a good job of sanitizing the artificial breast-feeding process. First of all, the feeding personnel should wash their hands when they are nursing, and do not contact the sick sheep at ordinary times, try to minimize or avoid exposure to pathogenic factors. Lambs are isolated in time and managed by special personnel. When both the diseased lamb and the healthy lamb are forced to be managed by one, the lambs should be fed first, the sick lambs should be fed again, and the disinfecting arm should be washed and disinfected immediately after the feeding, and the clothes should be removed by disinfecting. Second, the lamb milk, drinking water, and fodder should all pay attention to hygiene. Milk powder, porridge, soup, etc. should be boiled before feeding. Again, feeding devices must be strictly disinfected. Bottles should be kept clean and clean immediately. Immediately after feeding, sick lambs should be disinfected with potassium permanganate, 84 disinfectants, etc., and then rinsed with clean water.
3 Feed supplementation of ewes in a timely manner The amount of lactation can not meet the nutritional needs of the ewes day by day with the rapid growth of the lambs, and must be supplemented. Generally, the lambs start to rush in about 15 days after they are born. At this time, some young grasses, leaves, etc. should be fed, and the dry grass season Can feed some high quality hay, to adjust the lamb as soon as possible feed forage, promote rumen development. Filling fines in real time to grind, it is best fried, and add the right amount of salt and bone meal. When making up the juicy feed, it should be cut into filaments and mixed with the concentrate before feeding. The amount of supplement can be arranged as follows: 15 to 30 days old lambs, 50-75 grams of supplemented concentrates per day, 100 grams for 1-2 months, 200 grams for 2-3 months, and supplements for 3-4 months 250 grams, each lamb needs 10-15 kilograms of concentrate at 4 months of lactation. Feeding for forage grasses can be unlimited and can be eaten during the term.
4 Lamb grazing In order to promote the growth and development of lambs, early feeding, to reduce the ewe burden, as well as conducive to management, enhance gregariousness, the lambs can be separated by about one month of age, and lambs are grazing in separate groups. Dividing the mother's mother into open-grass is conducive to gaining weight, catching lice, and preventing the spread of parasitic diseases.
Grazing lambs is different from adult sheep. Lambs are lively and naughty, and when they are grazing, they often jump and eat while playing. Therefore, be sure to have a sense of responsibility and patience when grazing lambs, and let the lambs walk slowly when walking. For the first few days of grazing, we must circle the lambs together to graze. We must chase the lambs of the road to return to the group. When grazing lambs, be careful to keep away from the ewes and avoid yelling and disturbing each other. Just start grazing in the immediate vicinity. The time should not be too long. Later, it can be gradually extended to pastures to increase grazing time. Lambs grazing The lambs and lambs are fed back once every four hours before the lamb is 1.5-2 months old. Before the expiration of 1.5-2 months of age, ewes and lambs will be fed back every 4 hours. By the age of 1.5-2 months, the ruminal microflora of the lamb has been formed, and the lamb can make heavy use of plant feed. The ewes can return early and return home at noon. Raise salt and bone meal for grazing lambs and pay attention to drinking water.
5 The weaning and weaning times of lambs vary from place to place, usually 3-4 months. For sheep farms that are in good conditions, they can be weaned at 1.5-2 months of age when they are frequently planted throughout the year. If the feeding conditions are poor, the early weaning lambs have a high mortality rate, but weaning too late (more than 4 months of age) is not good for the mother.
There are two main ascendants of lamb weaning: one-time weaning and multiple weaning. Generally we use a one-time weaning. The mother is about to be separated and no longer in contact. Weaning is a big stimulus to the lamb. Improper handling can cause the lamb to grow slowly. To this end we can take a method of weaning without leaving the circle, weaning does not leave the group, that is, the lambs of the original lambs are kept in circle, try to maintain the original environment, feed the original feed, try not to affect the growth and development of the lamb due to weaning, and weaning lambs Should strengthen feeding.
4. The purpose of sheep fattening and fattening is to increase the muscles and fats in the sheep, and to improve the quality of the meat. Therefore, regardless of fattening lambs or adult sheep, the nutrients supplied must exceed the nutrients it needs to maintain its nutrition. Accumulation of muscle and fat in the body. The fattening of the lamb includes the growth process and the fattening process. Growth is an increase in bone and bone, and fattening is an increase in fat. Muscles are mainly proteins, and bones are mainly composed of calcium and phosphorus. For adult sheep, the increase in body weight is only an increase in fat, and there is no growth factor. Therefore, fattening lambs requires more protein than fattening adult lambs, but due to the fast growth of lambs and high feed rewards, fattening lambs is more beneficial than adult lambs.
(1) Feeding standards for fattening sheep The standard for understanding the fattening sheep's feeding sheep is the basis for a reasonable diet and scientific fattening. It is also the basis for the rapid growth of fattened sheep and the production of sheep products. The fattening standards for lambs and adult sheep are shown in Tables 4-7, 4-8, and 4-9.
(2) Method of fattening There are three ways to fatten the ram sheep in China, namely, grazing, fattening and fattening.
1 Grazing and fattening This is the most economical and most commonly used method of fattening. Castor lambs that are not used for breeding and castrated lambs are castrated first. When the flock is large, groups can be grouped according to age and sex. Insecticide before extinction, extermination, hoof repair. The fattening period is generally 8-10 months. During this period, the pasture is seeded and the nutrition is sufficient. Generally 80-90 days of grazing, adult sheep weight can increase 30% -40%, the lamb's body weight can be doubled.
Table 4-7 Lamb strength and fattening standards Lamb age in months (kg) Feed unit (kg) Digestible crude protein (g) Salt (g) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Carotene (mg) 1 12 0.12 10 - - - - 2 18 0.32 40 3-5 1.4 0.9 4 3 25 0.75 100 3-5 3.0 2.30 5 4 32 1.00 150 3-5 4.0 2.5 7 5 39 1.20 140 5-8 5.0 3.0 8 6 46 1.40 130 5-8 5.0 3.2 9 Table 4-8 Lamb medium-speed fattening standard (7-11 months) Weight (kg) Feed unit Digestible crude protein (g) Salt (g) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Carotene (mg) 20 0.70 -0.92 75-100 5-8 2.5-3.5 1.9-2.2 4-6 30 1.00-1.15 95-120 5-8 3.6-4.5 2.1-2.5 5-7 40 1.30-1.50 100-125 5-8 4.8-5.6 2.4 -2.8 6-8 50 1.45-1.70 115-130 5-8 5.0-6.0 2.7-3.5 7-9 Table 4-9 Standard Weight for Adult Sheep Finishing (kg) Feed Unit Digestible Crude Protein (g) Salt (g) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Carotenoids (mg) 40 1.25-1.50 90-100 Free foraging 3.7-4.5 2.2-2.7 6-10 50 1.35-1.75 100-120 Free foraging 4.5-5.3 2.5-3.0 6-10 60 1.55-2.05 110-130 Free foraging 5.3-6.0 2.8-3.3 6-10 70 1.75-2.25 120-140 Free foraging 6.0-7.0 3.1-3.6 6-10 8 0 2.00-2.70 130-160 Free foraging 6.7-7.8 3.4-3.9 6-10 2 Feeding Finishing Traditional home-batch finishing is mainly intended to regulate the supply of market lamb and make full use of various food processing by-products. Usually fed for 75-100 days. If the time is too short, the effect of fattening is not significant: it is too long, the feed remuneration is low, and the effect is not satisfactory. Under good feed conditions, lambs generally gain 10-15 kg. Currently, it is mainly used for fat lamb production. That is, in the artificially controlled sheep house environment, full-price compound feed is used to feed the material regularly and drink water. It is a good way to develop mutton production in China by carrying out fattening and fattening sheep, and taking large-scale, intensive, and specialized sheep production methods. Especially for agricultural areas where crop straw feed is very abundant and seriously wasted, it not only solves straw burning pollution, but also alleviates the contradiction between developing sheep raising and no-grazing land.
As the fattening of the lamb is carried out at the same time as its growth and development, it is required that the feed during the feeding period is rich in nutrition, comprehensive, and palatability, with full price protein, high energy, and at the same time, supply various essential minerals and vitamins, so that the lamb can obtain more The dry matter and conversion energy of the lamb, lambs gain weight quickly, fattening effect is good. Feeding for fattening uses pelleted feeds for good results and high feed remuneration. Moreover, 60%-70% of roughage (containing 10%-20% of straw) and 30%-40% of concentrated feed have a good amount of pelleted feed. When composting with grain feed, it is better to use whole grains than to crush and crush. When fattening sheep under intensive and factory conditions, the most important thing is to formulate a stable full-priced feed. The pellet feed for lambs consists of 30% hay powder, 44% barley straw, 25% crude material and 1% inorganic salt additive, 0.55 feed units per kilogram and 77 grams of digestible protein; 74% of adult pellet feed for alum Made from barley straw, 25% concentrate, and 1% inorganic salt additives, it contains 0.4 feed units per kilogram and 60 grams of digestible protein. Daily feeding amount of each sheep, mother lamb: 1 kg of pellet feed, 2 kg of mixed concentrate; small goat: 0.8 kg of pellet feed, 3 kg of mixed concentrate, adult goat: pellet feed 1 kg, mixed concentrate 3 kg.
(3) Mixed fattening There are two kinds of mixed fattening, the amount of which is after the end of autumn and winter, to see which goats have not done well, supplement some fine material, extend the period of fattening, slaughter over 30-40 days, Can further improve the carcass weight and meat quality; the second is the poor quality of pastures, grazing alone can not meet the nutritional requirements of fast fattening, and the sheep to adopt grazing and other complementary feeding methods. This capacity will shorten the lamb production cycle and increase the number of meat sheep slaughter and meat production. The grazing plus supplementary feeding herd should feed grass and feed twice a day, morning and evening while grazing 7-9 hours a day. The concentrate consists of corn, sorghum, bran, peanut cake, bean cake, cottonseed cake, rapeseed cake, shell powder, salt, urea and mineral additives. Each kg of air-dried diet contained 0.87 kg of dry matter, 13.5 MJ of digestive energy, 12.24% of crude protein, and 106 g of digestible protein. Roughage mainly uses crop stalks, leaves, hay, and silage. Concentrate feed 250-500 grams per sheep per day, raw material is not limited, free intake, drinking 2-3 times a day.
(4) The total amount of various feedstuffs that the diet is fed to sheep in a day and night is called the diet. The variety, quantity, and proportion of various nutrients in the diet are reasonable and can meet various nutritional needs of fattening sheep. Such diets are called full-price diets or balanced diets.
According to the nutritional needs of the fattening sheep or the feeding standards, the rations should be determined according to factors such as the age, body weight of the fattening sheep, and the expected daily weight gain in the environment. Whether or not the ration is reasonable has a direct impact on the fattening effect and feed reward of the sheep. Although sheep are herbivores, they use green roughage all year round, but they only use green roughage or a single feed for fattening. Due to incomplete nutrients, they may reduce appetite, cause more feed wastage, slower weight gain, and have a long feeding time. Low efficiency results. If the diet can be processed into pelleted feed, the feeding effect will be better. Sheep fattened with full-grain pellets gained more weight, higher feed remuneration, and better economic returns than sheep fed conventional diets.
1 Principle of dietary cooperation
a. Prepare diets in accordance with the established feeding standards to meet sheep's needs for various nutrients.
b. Feed types should be diversified, and the proportion should be appropriate. Many types of feed can make up for the lack of nutrients. Concentrates in the diet should be no less than 3-5 species.
Foreign sheep raising, especially for fat-raising lambs, is dominated by concentrates, while in China, coarse-grained feeds are mainly used. Production experience proves that it is not suitable to use too much fine material or too much roughage in the diet, and the rough material should have an appropriate proportion. Generally, the ratio of concentrate to roughage is 1:2.0-3.0. In addition, should be adjusted according to the nutritional value of refined feed and then properly adjusted, for a long time legume hay, the fine material should be reduced, grass or crop stalks for a long time, you should increase the proportion of fine material.
c. Pay attention to the palatability of the feed. Different feed palatability is different. A group of feeds with good nutrition and poor palatability are not good feeds. Formulated diets should be suitable for sheep's hobby. In general, sheep are not picky on eating, but they are reluctant to feed on odors and coarse old feeds. When adding, they should pay attention to grinding and mixing, or add some condiments.
d. The proportion of diet should have a certain quality. The intake of sheep is limited. If the feed volume exceeds the rumen volume of the sheep each time, even if the diet is full of nutrients, the nutrients it needs will not be eaten because the volume is too large. Only for large-volume, low-nutrient roughage diets, high economic benefits will not be achieved. On the contrary, the diet volume is small, even if the nutritional needs are met, due to insufficient rumen filling, hunger is inevitably felt.
e. Reduce dietary costs. According to local conditions, choose a nutritious and cheap feed to meet the sheep's needs for nutrients, but also reduce the cost of rations.
f. The formulated diet should remain relatively stable. Dietary composition directly affects the physiological activities of rumen microbes. Suddenly changing the composition of the diet, the microorganisms in the rumen have not yet adapted to it, and can easily affect rumen fermentation, reduce the digestibility of feed, and even cause indigestion or diarrhea and other diseases.
2 The method of preparing diets The trial diet method is a relatively simple method. That is, according to the feeding standards, the rough preparation is first performed, and then the nutrients contained therein are calculated, and compared with the feeding standards, the excessive or insufficient nutrients are adjusted so as to basically meet the requirements of the standard. If you formulate diets for a 3-month-old body weight of 25 kg and a lamb, the following methods and steps can be taken.
First, list the standards for feeding. See Table 4-10
Table 4-10 Nutritional Needs for 25 kg Lamb Finishing (Each Daily) Air-dried Feed (kg) Digestible Crude Protein (g) Digestive Energy (Major Coke) Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Salt (G) Carotene ( (Milligrams) 1.2 100 12.6 1.8 0.8 4 3 Second, determine the type of feed used to fit the diet, and identify the main nutrients contained in the feed nutrient profile (see Table 4-11).
Table 4-11 Types of feeds and their nutrients Table Dry matter (%) Digestion energy (MJ/kg) Digestible crude protein (%) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Carotene (mg/kg) Green hay 91.0 7.36 8.2 0.31 0.14 4.4 Maize 86.0 11.83 8.8 0.03 0.27 0.41 Barley 88.0 10.35 2.4 0.04 0.33 0.30 Bran 88.6 8.11 13.6 0.11 1.26 0.42 Third, try the rations and compare them with the feeding standards. When testing, consider dry matter, digestive energy and crude protein. See Table 4-12 for the prepared diet.
Fourth, calculate other nutritional adults. After the test results, the three indicators of digestive energy and crude protein and dry matter basically meet the requirements of feeding standards, and then other nutrients can be calculated. The results are shown in Table 4-13.
Fifth, determine the final diet. If the results of calculation of other nutrient components and nutritional standards need to differ greatly, the amount of individual feeds needs to be adjusted, and then the calculation of nutrient content is performed until the feed standards are met. As can be seen from Table 4-13, the trial rations can basically satisfy the nutritional requirements. Therefore, the 25-kilogram lambs finishing at the age of 3 months were 0.66 kg of hay, 0.35 kg of corn, 0.22 kg of barley, 0.11 kg of bran, salt 4 grams.
Table 4-12 Quantity of the table with the matching diet (kg) Dry matter (kg) Digestive energy (Major) Crude protein (g) Hay Hay 0.66 0.6 0.667.36=4.86 0.668.2=54.1 Corn 0.35 0.3 0.3511.83= 4.14 0.358.8=28.7 Barley 0.22 0.2 0.2210.35=2.28 0.222.4=5.3 Bran 0.11 0.1 0.118.11=0.89 0.11v13.6=14.7 Salt 0.004 0.004 Totally 1.344 1.204 12.17 102.8 (5) Feed additive for fattening The use of feed additives in sheep fattening can provide a variety of nutrients for finishing sheep, promote growth, improve metabolism, and increase feed remuneration. The following are commonly used in production.
1 Non-protein nitrogen additive The most commonly used non-protein nitrogen additive is urea. One kilogram of urea equals 2.88 kilograms of crude protein, equivalent to 5.6-6 kilograms of bean cake. The effect of raising sheep on low protein levels is very obvious. For example, if sheep are fattened and fed with 12 grams each day for 115 consecutive days, the net weight gain is increased by 2.2 kg and the net hair rate is increased by 3.5%. In order to prevent the poisoning caused by improper feeding of urea, safe non-protein nitrogen additives such as phosphate and biuret have been produced and applied.
When feeding sheep with non-protein nitrogen additives such as urea, the protein level in the diet should not be too high and should generally not exceed 10%-12%. The additive amount is 1% of the dry matter of the diet or 2% of the mixed concentrate, and can only replace 20%-35% of the required dietary protein, and the addition effect is best in this case.å–‚å°¿ç´ ç‰éžè›‹ç™½è´¨æ°®æ—¶è¦æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªé€‚应过程，最åˆå–‚é‡è¦å°‘，以åŽé€æ¸å¢žåŠ ，10天åŽè¾¾åˆ°è§„定剂é‡ã€‚饲喂是è¦æ³¨æ„ä¸Žå…¶å®ƒé¥²æ–™å……åˆ†æ··åŒ€ï¼Œåˆ†æ¬¡é¥²å–‚ï¼Œåˆ‡å¿Œä¸€æ¬¡æ€§æŠ•å–‚ã€‚å–‚å°¿ç´ æ—¶æ—¥ç²®ä¸ä¸åº”æœ‰ç”Ÿè±†é¥¼æˆ–ç”Ÿè±†ç±»é¥²æ–™ï¼Œå› ä¸ºå®ƒä»¬å¯Œå«å°¿ç´ 酶，å¯å¼•èµ·å°¿ç´ 在瘤胃ä¸è¿…速分解，导致ä¸æ¯’。更ä¸å……è®¸å°†å°¿ç´ æº¶äºŽæ°´ä¸è‰ç›´æŽ¥é¥®ç”¨ï¼Œä¸”å–‚åŽ0.5å°æ—¶ä»¥åŽå†é¥®æ°´ï¼Œä»¥å…引起ä¸æ¯’。
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③进行羔羊肥育从羊的一生生长å‘育规律æ¥çœ‹ï¼Œç¾”羊时期（1-6月龄）的生长强度最大，生长速度最快，以åŽåˆ™éšç€æœˆé¾„增长而é€æ¸å˜æ…¢ã€‚羔羊肥育主è¦æ˜¯è‚Œè‚‰ç»„织的增长，æˆå¹´ç¾Šè‚¥è‚²ä¸»è¦æ˜¯è„‚肪组织的增长。æ®æµ‹å®šï¼Œç”Ÿäº§1公斤脂肪比生产1公斤肌肉需多消耗24.44兆焦的消化能。å¯è§ç¾”羊肥育ä¸ä»…胴体质é‡å¥½ï¼Œè€Œä¸”饲料转化率高，æˆæœ¬ä½Žï¼Œç»æµŽæ•ˆç›Šé«˜ã€‚
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This is a Cognitive Rehabilitation Equipment, by turning the boring learning content into interesting forms like games, animation, pronunciation, etc., children can unknowingly learn knowledge and exercise their skills
Cognitive communication training system including intelligence, AAC auxiliary communication training board, qi hui cognitive training system and speech training card induced by the lead of others, and education, and adopt comprehensive rehabilitation method, let the children actively training, through vivid and interesting game and practice, so as to stimulate a interest, improve the ability of attention, participation, improve the learning efficiency, so as to achieve the goal of training the cognitive function. It is a set of intellectual development software for children with strong knowledge and interest. It scientifically selects a variety of exquisite and colorful pictures and animations of fruits, vegetables and animals suitable for children's observation and recognition. It is full of children's interesting stories and easy to understand children's songs.
Cognitive Rehabilitation Equipment
Speech Therapy Picture Cards,Phonetic Training Instrument,Montessori Teaching Aids,Cognitive Rehabilitation Equipment
jinan Fangqi Sunshine education consulting CO.,LTD. , http://www.fzrehabmarket.com