First, guinea fowl as a kind of special meat, has a high economic value:
1, guinea fowl meat is delicate, nutritious and delicious. Compared with ordinary broilers, the protein and amino acid content is high, but the fat and cholesterol content is very low. It is a kind of special poultry with game.
2. The slaughter rate is high and there are many edible parts. The guinea fowl has delicate skeletons, small head and neck, well-developed chest muscles, and an elliptical body. The guinea fowl with a live weight of 1700 grams had a body weight of 1,544 grams, which accounted for 91% of the live weight, and 1,415 grams of semi-net weight, which accounted for 83% of the live weight. This shows that both the slaughter rate and the meat production rate are high.
3, the production performance of guinea fowls are higher. The breeding hens started production at the age of 28 weeks. About one-hundred hens can produce about 160 eggs and provide about 110 chicks. Each broiler breeder consumes about 40-44 kilograms of eggs during the entire process. The best slaughter time for commercial meat chickens is 12 to 13 weeks old, live weight up to 1300 to 1500 grams, meat to meat ratio of 1:2.7 to 2.9.
4. Guiji has good adaptability, strong resistance to diseases, simple requirements for equipment and premises, resistance to rough feeding, and easy feeding. Therefore, it has been engaged in the investment of guinea fowl industry with low investment, quick turnover, and high efficiency. In addition, the individual size of the guinea fowl is modest, neither is it as large as a turkey needs to be sold for sale, nor is it as small as quails. It is suitable for ordinary family meal, but also high-grade meat and poultry on the banquet.
Second, the variety of guinea fowl
There are three main varieties of guinea fowl: The first is the "big pheasant" distributed in Somalia and Tanzania. Its main feature is only a few feathers on its back. The second is the “crown chicken†distributed in tropical forests in Africa. The third is the "gray-headed pheasant", which consists of two types of meat with blue meat and red meat. "Greydingzhu Chicken" has cultivated many varieties such as grey pheasant, white pheasant, lavender pheasant, and hybrid chicken breeds among them. Among them, grey pheasant is the largest breeding breed. Mainly refers to the type of gray pheasant, such as French Isabelle. The chicken has an adult weight of 2.2-2.5 kg, a 12-week-old body weight of 1.2 kg and a 28-week-old body weight of 1.9 kg. The mother-beaded chicken is 28-30 weeks old, and the egg-laying chicken can receive 165-85 eggs, and the egg weight is 42-35. 50 grams, brown shell, a little spot.
Third, the morphological characteristics of Guinea fowl
The appearance of the guinea fowl is like that of a female peacock. Its head is small, its face is pale blue and purple, barely pointed and pointed, its tip is pale yellow, and its back is red. There is a heart-shaped flesh on both the left and right side of the palate. The eyes were glabrous, with a white band extending straight to the upper part of the neck. Slender neck, covered with a ring of purple-blue needle feathers. The legs are short, the feet are red, and they are grayish black in adulthood. Walking quickly. The guinea fowl has gray plumage and a regular round white spot, shaped like a pearl, so it has the reputation of “guinea fowlâ€. The guinea fowl is round and short in shape with no cockscomb, no hair on the top of the head, and keratinized protuberances. It is called a helmet and the tail feathers are slightly harder.
Fourth, the habits of guinea fowl
1. Adaptability: Adult guinea fowls are hi-dry, heat-resistant, cold-resistant, and resistant to diseases. It can still live at -20～40°C. However, if the temperature of the hatched chicks is slightly lower, they are susceptible to cold, diarrhea or death.
2. The wildness is surviving, and the timid is frightened: The guinea fowl still retains the characteristics of wild birds, hi habitats, and can see its activities at night. In particular, chicks have a lot of activity, and they often go around and cause death. Feeding should pay enough attention to this habit. The temperament, timidity, alertness of the guinea fowls, and the abnormality or movement of the environment can all cause the group to panic. The hens make a harsh call and the chickens will have a chain reaction. If the red drinker is replaced with a yellow drinker, the chickens will not dare to approach the drinker for a long time.
3. Liveness and homing: Guinea fowls usually live in groups of 30 to 50. They are never separated. After artificial domestication, they still enjoy group activities. In case of surprise, they also flee and hide in groups, so guinea fowl are suitable for large groups. Rearing, in addition, guinea fowls have a strong home, in the evening when they return to their homes, often return to their houses, and occasionally lost can return home.
4, good flying, love climbing, good activities: guinea fowl wings well-developed, 1 day old there is a certain ability to leap. During the day, I can almost walk around. Love to climb high places at rest or at night.
5, hi sand bath, love to cry: guinea fowl scattered on the surface of the land, often in the ground shaved one by one earth pit, to provide their own sand bath conditions. When sand bathing, spread the sand evenly between the feathers and the skin. Guinea pigs have a rhythmic and coherent squeaky tinnitus, which is a major feature. The squealing disturbs people's rest very much, but it also has several effects. First, there is a strong alarm at night when this ringing sound is strong. The second is that if this whisper is reduced, or if the intensity of the sound is weakened, it may be a sign of the disease.
6, the choice of sex: guinea fowl is selective to the opposite sex, which is caused by the chicken in the natural mating, one of the reasons for low fertility. Of course, vulnerability to fright is also a major reason for the low fertility rate of large groups of guinea fowls. However, artificial insemination can fundamentally solve the problem of low fertility.
7, broad breadth of food, resistant to crude feeding: In general, cereals, bran, cakes, fish and bone meal can be used to eat. In addition, we especially like grass, vegetables, leaves, fruits and other green plants.
Fifth, the reproduction of guinea fowl
(I) Breeding season
The sexual maturity of guinea fowl is generally between 28 and 30 weeks old, and the production of eggs is mostly concentrated from April to September. The peak of egg production is in June. Under the conditions of artificial rearing, male to female ratios of 1:4 to 5 are appropriate, but since the pheasant still retains the selection characteristics of the male-male pairing and the fertilization rate of the eggs is related to the season and temperature, the natural mating and fertilization rate is low (about 30%. ). In order to increase the seed use value of guinea pigs and overcome the limitations caused by mate sex and seasonality, artificial insemination can be performed during the mating season, and the artificial insemination rate can reach 87% to 88%.
(II) Artificial insemination
1, preparatory work before insemination
In order to meet the needs of artificial insemination, when the breeder is raised to 25 weeks of age, it should be transferred to the breeder cage of the laying house. Transferring the group should be carried out under low light during the night. When catching chicken, it is better to catch chicken feet and not catch wings to prevent the wings from breaking. Since breeder chickens have been using the ground for raising in the rearing period, they will not be able to adapt to the cage immediately, and will often crash into cages, especially when people or other abnormal movements are seen. In order to relieve the stress response, it is best to allow them to feed freely and feed some green feed that Zhuxi loves to eat in order to disperse the stimulation of chickens. Vitamins can also be added to feed to relieve stress. The caged chickens should be healthy, strong, and free from disability. The ratio of males and females can be slightly larger than that of natural mating (1:6). After the male and female chickens are caged for a few days, when they are basically adapted to the caged living environment, the artificial insemination training for male and female hens should be started immediately. The content is the breeding training for the male rooster and the conversion of the female hens. Anal training. At the beginning, specialized personnel should enter the shed more frequently and try to touch and stroke the chicken as much as possible so that the chicken can get used to getting close. At this time, chicken training can be conducted. After they become familiar with these movements, they can begin to collect sperm. And turn anal training. In the course of training, we must be responsible for the person responsible, the action is light and steady, rapid and accurate, and not rash or rude. Training should avoid laying time in the morning.
2. Methods of artificial insemination
(1) The main equipment includes cleaning, disinfection, and drying equipment for the collection of fine cups, test tubes, microscopes, slides, coverslips, infusion droppers, diluents, alcohol, and instruments.
(2) The spermatozoa is massaged and it needs 2 to 3 people to complete it. One person can sit on the bench and put the head of the rooster head backwards, the chest pressing on the leg, the abdomen and the cloaca in the leg; The chest is placed directly on the bench and the legs hang down under the bench; sometimes the chicken body is clamped between the left elbow and the left waist. But in general, the force should be moderate. Another person rhythmically massaged several times with his right hand along the back and back of the cock, then the left thumb and the other four fingers quickly massaged and shaken on the two sides of the cloaca (around the anus), causing it to irritate and trigger the erection of the copulator. When the sperm is exhausted, the right hand quickly collects the semen with a sperm collecting device, and at the same time uses his left hand to squeeze on the two sides of the cloaca and promotes the ejaculation.
(3) Insemination In order to ensure the quality of semen, one drop of seminal liquid can be sucked on the slide glass with a pipette, plus one drop of normal saline, covered with a cover glass to observe and identify the vitality of the sperm under a low magnification microscope. Density and quality. The semen meeting the requirements was pipetted into a test tube filled with a 0.9% physiological saline diluent, diluted 1:1, and the hens were inseminated in time. The insemination was completed by two people. One person grasped the hen's legs and lifted the abdomen inwards with his left hand. He pressed the tail of the hen with his right hand and opened the anus with separate thumb and forefinger to expose the fallopian tube. The mouth is on the upper left side of the cloaca, and the right side is the rectum opening). When the fallopian tube is completely opened, another person inserts the vas deferens obliquely into the fallopian tube by 2 to 3 centimeters, and slowly enters the semen.
(4) Precautions Rooster usually collects sperm 2 times a week or 5 days in 1 day. The hens inseminate once every 5 days. The insemination volume of each hen was 0.013 to 0.015 ml of pure semen. Hens should be inseminated a few hours after laying or inseminated hours before the next day.
(III) Artificial incubation
Eggs require fresh, shelf life is not more than 10 days, egg weight is about 45 to 50 grams, egg-shaped but round, too long or deformed. The chicken egg hatching period is 26 to 28 days, 0 to 23 days in the incubator, and then in the hatching machine. Other hatching techniques are basically the same as the hatching of ordinary chickens, but the incubation temperature should be higher: the hatching temperature is 38.8°C, the hatcher temperature is 37.6°C, the hatcher humidity is 55%, and the hatcher humidity is 70%.
VI. Feeding management technology of guinea fowl
Guinea fowl can be divided into breeders and commercial broilers according to their uses and feeding management. Broilers can be divided into three stages: brooding, breeding and egg production; commercial broilers can be divided into two stages: brooding and growth. In order to maintain a good guinea fowl, we must master the principles, requirements and standards of feeding and management at all stages.
(I) Feeding and management during the brooding period
The brooding period is 0 to 21 days. Because the chicken's body temperature regulation, digestion and other capabilities are still not perfect, it has poor resistance to the external environment and disease, and it is easy to die. Therefore, it must be meticulously reared and carefully managed.
1. Brooding House: The brooding house should be reared with the same size and breed of chicks. The male and female chicks should be kept in separate pens. The brooding house is required to have good sealing performance so as to facilitate the insulation of the chicken house. The brooding house can be paved with concrete floor, which can drain water and facilitate cleaning, washing and disinfection of the house. There should be a disinfection pool at the door of the shed, and the shoes can be entered before entering the house.
2. Feeding equipment: Brooding methods can be divided into ground free-range, floor nets and cages. When the ground is free-range, winter and spring should be paved with 5-7 cm thick mat grass, summer ground sand and soil plus a thin layer of mat grass. The mat grass should be clean, dry, free from mildew and twisted into about 10 centimeters long. After being brooded, the bedding should be cleared out of the house and composted with the feces and cannot be reused. When using floor nets, the nets can be made of wire or wood or bamboo. The spacing (or mesh size) of the net should be appropriate, generally 1.2 cm pitch or 1.2 cm square mesh, the height of the mesh surface is 60-70 cm, and the entire net surface is active so that after the chickens are transferred out, the net is opened. Remove the noodles and clean the chicken house. In the case of ground rearing or floor net raising, the number of chickens should be provided and the sink and trough should be evenly placed. High temperature insulation umbrella heating. In areas where premises are small and where electricity is more convenient, stacked-type electric brooding cages can be used for brooding. Each cage has 4 layers and a total of 1,200 to 1,600 broods can be bred.
3, brood density: feeding area should increase as chicks grow. Feeding 50 to 60 per square meter at 1 week of age, raising 30 to 40 eggs per square meter at 2 weeks of age, and raising only 20 to 30 eggs per square meter at 3 weeks of age.
4, brooding temperature: brooding within 3 weeks, the temperature in the broiler is appropriate or not, is the key to the success of brooding work, neither too high, nor too low. Freshly hatched chicks are required to live under a warm umbrella at 35-38°C, and then drop about 3°C ​​per week. The temperature of the chicken house is suitable for observing the performance of the chickens: it is too cold and the chickens get together; too hot, the chickens open their mouths for gasping; at a suitable temperature, they are lively and comfortable. During the brooding process, attention should be paid to adjusting the flock. We must make small groups of frail, stunted, and unstable individuals, give special care, be nearer to heat sources, have lower density, have sufficient feed water, and add vitamins to promote the restoration of health.
5, brooding humidity: brooding room temperature is high, often leading to low humidity, dry air, the chicks lose their water because of too much and affect health, severe dehydration. When the humidity in the brooding house is low, water can be sprinkled on the ground. The brooding chamber maintains a relative humidity of 60% to 65% and can be measured by hanging a wet bulb thermometer indoors. In the late brooding period, the humidity is not strict and the normal humidity can be maintained.
6, brooding ventilation: only natural ventilation device can be, generally the doors, windows, roof hood is sufficient to meet the needs of the chicks for ventilation.
7, brooding light: chickens need a certain amount of light time and light intensity. In a closed chicken house, 1 to 2 days old chicks need to light for 23 hours, 3 to 7 days old to take 20 hours, 2 weeks old to take 16 hours, 3 weeks old chicks to take 12 hours, and mother to chicks to 14 hours. Light intensity: 0 to 10 days of age, 3 watts per square meter, 11 to 21 days of age, 2 watts per square meter, should pay attention to the uniform lighting.
8. Brooding feed: The hatched chicks are small in weight, less in material consumption and faster in weight gain. Therefore, it is required that the feed quality is good, the nutrition level is high, and the hygienic standard is met. Reference feed formulations such as: corn 50%, wheat flour 3%, wheat bran 2%, bean cake 31%, fish meal 12%, bone meal 1.1%, salt 0.4%, trace elements, vitamins, amino acids, somatotropin, antibiotics Drugs and other additives 0.5%.
9. Feeding and water supply: The chicks start eating 24 hours after hatching. They can be allowed to drink 5% glucose water first, and then 2 to 3 hours before feeding the broken rice or corn flour soaked in soft dry, 1 to 2 days later. Can feed ingredients. One week old was fed 6-8 times per day and night, 2 weeks old 5-6 times, 3 weeks old 4-5 times. After drinking, the drinking water with good free drinking water and water temperature of 20-25°C can be used. The number of long troughs and gutters used in the brooding period depends on the number of feedings. In principle, each chicken has a length of 2.5 cm and a trough of 0.6 cm.
10. Observe the flock: During the brooding period, the chicken house should be entered frequently to observe the spirits, diet, and feces of the flock. If abnormalities are found, the cause should be identified in a timely manner, the condition must be confirmed, and the disease should be isolated, treated or eliminated in time. Group targeted drug prevention.
11, chicks broken wings: In order to prevent warts, reduce flying ability, can be cut within 10 days and cut off the left or right wings of the last joint.
(B) Rearing and Management during the rearing period
The rearing period of guinea fowl is divided into the early stage of cultivating and the later stage of culturing. The former is 22 to 56 days old, and the latter is 57 days to 25 weeks old.
1. Breeding henhouses: Breeding chickens in closed areas with relatively large temperature difference in the four seasons adopts closed chicken houses. The chicken house can be cement ground and it should be easy to rinse and disinfect. Breeding hen houses should be provided with natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. All light-transmitting parts should have blackout curtains, and the entrance should have barbed wire. Breeding chickens can be raised on the ground. When the weather is cold, the grass can be laid on the ground. When the weather is hot, the sand can be laid. The floor nets, the 2/3 floor nets or the 1/2 floor nets can also be adopted, and the rest of the ground is covered with grass. When the ground is free-range, there must be high habitats in the house for chickens to inhabit.
In relatively cold places, in the early period of breeding, especially when the brooding house is transferred, there is still a certain amount of equipment to be heated. These chickens can be concentrated in a relatively small breeding area and heated centrally to prevent chicks from getting cold in the early stages of breeding. Get sick. Heating equipment can be umbrellas, stoves, etc. Breeding chickens can be equipped with 7 cm long troughs and 1 cm long troughs for chickens. Perches can be calculated for every 15 meters. With floor nets, you do not have to set up perches. Perches can be made with wooden sticks, which can be nailed into a ladder. The distance between two perches is 30-35 cm, and the perch is 100 cm from the ground. When catching chickens (such as weighing, epidemic prevention, and swarming), chicken utensils should be prepared, a bamboo basket with 2 to 3 meters can be used, and the front end is a 40 cm mesh net woven with a string.
2. The density of broiler chickens: 15-20 eggs per square meter in the early stage and 6-15 eggs per square meter in the late growth stage. Pre-bred chickens can occupy 1/3 of the ground, and as the chicken grows, they gradually increase the floor space until they occupy the entire house. The above-mentioned stocking density refers to a standard at a temperature of 20 to 25° C. and a relative humidity of 65% to 70%. Usually according to house temperature, humidity level, appropriate reduction, increase stocking density.
3. Lighting of broiler chickens: Male and female chickens should be reared separately and given different light. During the early period of breeding, the light was maintained for 8 to 9 hours, and the light was gradually increased to 14 hours during the later period of rearing. The light intensity is 0.5-1.0 watts per square meter with uniform illumination. The roosters will increase the illumination time earlier than the hens in the later period of breeding. Because the guinea fowl cocks are ripe for more than one month later than the hens, increasing the light in advance can accelerate the sexual maturity of the cock.
4. Feed for the breeding period: Each field can formulate a feed formula with reasonable price and nutrition according to the specific feed source and price situation.
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