Gladiolus hybridus is also known as gladiolus and gladiolus. Iridaceae, Gladiolus. It is a common bulb flower at home and abroad. It has a long flowering period, bright and colorful flowers, and a variety of flower patterns. With the help of cultivation, the flowers can be bloomed for four seasons, and with good water culture, they are the cut flowers that the masses love. One of the world's four cut flowers.
(I) Morphological characteristics and varieties There are many horticultural varieties around the world. There are currently about hundreds of horticultural varieties in China. Due to long-term repeated crosses and mixed varieties, it is difficult to categorize them. At present, there are two classification methods: one is classified according to the flowering period, there are spring flowers and summer flowers, and summer flowers are early flowers, flowers, and late flowers. The other is classified by flap type and suit color.
(ii) Ecological habits Most of the original species of gladiolus are produced in South Africa, and only a few dozen species are produced on the Mediterranean coast and in West Asia. Cultivated varieties are found all over the world and are also one of the major cut flowers in China. It is hi and warm, not cold, nor resistant to high temperature and heat, the optimum temperature for growth is 20 °C ~ 25 °C, bulbs can sprout in the soil temperature above 5C. It is a typical long-day plant. Long-day sunshine is good for flower bud differentiation. Insufficient light will reduce the number of flowering, but after flower bud differentiation, short days are conducive to flower bud formation and early flowering. The bulbs of the summer flower must be stored indoors for winter, and the room temperature must not be lower than 0°C. Gladiolus requires deep and fertile slightly acidic sandy loam with a PH of no more than 7; especially for good fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer can improve the quality of flowers, and potash fertilizer can promote the quality of bulbs and the number of sub-balls.
(c) The propagation method is mainly based on ball division, and the seed is used for cross breeding. After the ball breeding is planted with a larger bulb, it can grow into two or more new balls. Many balls can be produced under the new balls. These balls can be used as breeding materials. According to the size of the corms, they can be divided into four grades: a diameter of more than 6 cm is a level, called the big ball; 4 cm is a level two, called the ball; 2.5 cm is a three-level, called the ball; l cm The following sub-balloons belong to the fourth class. It is necessary to spend 3 to 4 years to bloom with sub-balloons.
In the ball and ball, the ditch type method is used. The ditch depth is about 3 times of the ball diameter, and the spacing of the plants is flexibly controlled according to the size of the ball diameter. The ball is broadcast by ditching, and the ball is often broadcast directly. Apply base fertilizer before the next seed, but pay attention to the fertilizer can not be in direct contact with the bulbs, pay attention to water management after sowing, do not dry before emergence. In order to increase the yield of fresh cut flowers per unit area, the row spacing should be reduced as much as possible without affecting the principle of picking flowers.
For bulbs used for cutting flowers, it is best to grow new balls obtained from the ball after 1 to 2 years. The cultivation of bulbs obtained after successive years of growth with flowering bulbs will cause yellowing and withering of stems and leaves, shortening of spikes, flowering of flowers, darkness of petals, reduction of cut flower quality and yield, and this phenomenon is called degeneration. There are many causes of degradation, which are generally thought to be due to high temperature and dryness in the summer, poor growth or due to viral diseases, and some are thought to be caused by insufficient growth period, inadequate nutrient accumulation, and poor storage conditions during the dormancy of bulbs.
Most of the bulbs that specialize in cut flower production are purchased from areas where the climate and geographical environment are suitable for the growth and development of Gladiolus. This kind of bulb has good quality, the variety is positive, but the cost is high, so you should set up a kind of ball garden yourself to reduce the production cost.
(4) Cultivation techniques
1. Soil preparation and fertilization Gladiolus soil should be planted with sandy loam. The soil should be deep, loose and well drained. Made of 20 cm high and 1 to 1.5 m wide. Fertilization should be balanced with NPK. Since Gladiolus is a shallow rooted plant, fertilizer should be applied lightly. Top dressings were applied in the two true leaf stages (after flower bud differentiation) and heading stage, and thin manure water and urea were applied once. Potassium fertilizer was reapplied in the middle stage and nitrogen was taken care of in the latter stage to prevent the plants from being long and causing lodging. The main land for the production of bulbs should be mainly potassium fertilizer.
2. Bulb selection and treatment After determining the cultivars, we should pay attention to the choice of bulbs. When selecting the varieties, we must pay attention to the varieties can not be mixed, select the bulbs without pests and buds without damage. Graded bulbs should be soaked in water for 15 minutes before planting, then sterilized with 0.l% Hg or formalin 80 times for half an hour, rinsed and rinsed.
3. Planting period Natural conditions are usually planted in April-May and ground temperature is around 10C. For annual production, it should be determined according to different flowering periods. Under the condition of guaranteed temperature and light, the products that are required to be listed before the New Year's Day should be planted at the beginning of September, the products listed during the Spring Festival season should be planted at the end of September, and the cut flowers supplied in the early spring can be planted from late November to late December. The flowering in late May to early June can be germinated in early February and planted in early April. The blooming of National Day can be planted from early June to mid July.
4. Break the bulbs of the eye-breaking eyes and continue to sleep for about 3 months under low temperature conditions. If it needs to be planted in advance, it can be treated with high temperature of 35°C for 15 to 20 days, and then treated with low temperature of 2°C to 3°C for 20 days to break. Hibernate. However, the bulbs should be kept dry during this period. If the humidity is too high, the bulbs will be rotted.
5. The planting specifications vary depending on the plant type. Large plant type 20 cm square, medium and small plant type 10 cm to 15 cm square. Planting depth is generally 3 cm to 10 cm. In order to prevent lodging, when planting bulbs, two layers of 20cm square nylon meshes are placed on the planting bed in advance. Later, as the plants grow taller, they are stretched tightly by struts to prevent the plants from lodging and the stems are bent.
6. Flower harvesting and bulb storage Gladiolus flowers are collected at the beginning of the flower at the bottom of the flower. When cutting flowers, leave 3 green leaves on the base to allow the bulbs to continue to inflate. Usually, the flowers are cut every afternoon. According to the variety, 10 bundles are packed into the box and listed. It is better to dig out the bulbs when the tips of the leaves are about 1/3 brown. After the excavation, the leaves are cut and the bulbs are allowed to air for several hours. After the skin is dry, it is transferred to the interior. The new ball and ball are graded into a shallow box and stored under conditions of dryness, ventilation, and temperature of 5°C to ll°C. Turning is checked during this period to prevent heat and mildew.
(I) Morphological characteristics and varieties There are many horticultural varieties around the world. There are currently about hundreds of horticultural varieties in China. Due to long-term repeated crosses and mixed varieties, it is difficult to categorize them. At present, there are two classification methods: one is classified according to the flowering period, there are spring flowers and summer flowers, and summer flowers are early flowers, flowers, and late flowers. The other is classified by flap type and suit color.
(ii) Ecological habits Most of the original species of gladiolus are produced in South Africa, and only a few dozen species are produced on the Mediterranean coast and in West Asia. Cultivated varieties are found all over the world and are also one of the major cut flowers in China. It is hi and warm, not cold, nor resistant to high temperature and heat, the optimum temperature for growth is 20 °C ~ 25 °C, bulbs can sprout in the soil temperature above 5C. It is a typical long-day plant. Long-day sunshine is good for flower bud differentiation. Insufficient light will reduce the number of flowering, but after flower bud differentiation, short days are conducive to flower bud formation and early flowering. The bulbs of the summer flower must be stored indoors for winter, and the room temperature must not be lower than 0°C. Gladiolus requires deep and fertile slightly acidic sandy loam with a PH of no more than 7; especially for good fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer can improve the quality of flowers, and potash fertilizer can promote the quality of bulbs and the number of sub-balls.
(c) The propagation method is mainly based on ball division, and the seed is used for cross breeding. After the ball breeding is planted with a larger bulb, it can grow into two or more new balls. Many balls can be produced under the new balls. These balls can be used as breeding materials. According to the size of the corms, they can be divided into four grades: a diameter of more than 6 cm is a level, called the big ball; 4 cm is a level two, called the ball; 2.5 cm is a three-level, called the ball; l cm The following sub-balloons belong to the fourth class. It is necessary to spend 3 to 4 years to bloom with sub-balloons.
In the ball and ball, the ditch type method is used. The ditch depth is about 3 times of the ball diameter, and the spacing of the plants is flexibly controlled according to the size of the ball diameter. The ball is broadcast by ditching, and the ball is often broadcast directly. Apply base fertilizer before the next seed, but pay attention to the fertilizer can not be in direct contact with the bulbs, pay attention to water management after sowing, do not dry before emergence. In order to increase the yield of fresh cut flowers per unit area, the row spacing should be reduced as much as possible without affecting the principle of picking flowers.
For bulbs used for cutting flowers, it is best to grow new balls obtained from the ball after 1 to 2 years. The cultivation of bulbs obtained after successive years of growth with flowering bulbs will cause yellowing and withering of stems and leaves, shortening of spikes, flowering of flowers, darkness of petals, reduction of cut flower quality and yield, and this phenomenon is called degeneration. There are many causes of degradation, which are generally thought to be due to high temperature and dryness in the summer, poor growth or due to viral diseases, and some are thought to be caused by insufficient growth period, inadequate nutrient accumulation, and poor storage conditions during the dormancy of bulbs.
Most of the bulbs that specialize in cut flower production are purchased from areas where the climate and geographical environment are suitable for the growth and development of Gladiolus. This kind of bulb has good quality, the variety is positive, but the cost is high, so you should set up a kind of ball garden yourself to reduce the production cost.
(4) Cultivation techniques
1. Soil preparation and fertilization Gladiolus soil should be planted with sandy loam. The soil should be deep, loose and well drained. Made of 20 cm high and 1 to 1.5 m wide. Fertilization should be balanced with NPK. Since Gladiolus is a shallow rooted plant, fertilizer should be applied lightly. Top dressings were applied in the two true leaf stages (after flower bud differentiation) and heading stage, and thin manure water and urea were applied once. Potassium fertilizer was reapplied in the middle stage and nitrogen was taken care of in the latter stage to prevent the plants from being long and causing lodging. The main land for the production of bulbs should be mainly potassium fertilizer.
2. Bulb selection and treatment After determining the cultivars, we should pay attention to the choice of bulbs. When selecting the varieties, we must pay attention to the varieties can not be mixed, select the bulbs without pests and buds without damage. Graded bulbs should be soaked in water for 15 minutes before planting, then sterilized with 0.l% Hg or formalin 80 times for half an hour, rinsed and rinsed.
3. Planting period Natural conditions are usually planted in April-May and ground temperature is around 10C. For annual production, it should be determined according to different flowering periods. Under the condition of guaranteed temperature and light, the products that are required to be listed before the New Year's Day should be planted at the beginning of September, the products listed during the Spring Festival season should be planted at the end of September, and the cut flowers supplied in the early spring can be planted from late November to late December. The flowering in late May to early June can be germinated in early February and planted in early April. The blooming of National Day can be planted from early June to mid July.
4. Break the bulbs of the eye-breaking eyes and continue to sleep for about 3 months under low temperature conditions. If it needs to be planted in advance, it can be treated with high temperature of 35°C for 15 to 20 days, and then treated with low temperature of 2°C to 3°C for 20 days to break. Hibernate. However, the bulbs should be kept dry during this period. If the humidity is too high, the bulbs will be rotted.
5. The planting specifications vary depending on the plant type. Large plant type 20 cm square, medium and small plant type 10 cm to 15 cm square. Planting depth is generally 3 cm to 10 cm. In order to prevent lodging, when planting bulbs, two layers of 20cm square nylon meshes are placed on the planting bed in advance. Later, as the plants grow taller, they are stretched tightly by struts to prevent the plants from lodging and the stems are bent.
6. Flower harvesting and bulb storage Gladiolus flowers are collected at the beginning of the flower at the bottom of the flower. When cutting flowers, leave 3 green leaves on the base to allow the bulbs to continue to inflate. Usually, the flowers are cut every afternoon. According to the variety, 10 bundles are packed into the box and listed. It is better to dig out the bulbs when the tips of the leaves are about 1/3 brown. After the excavation, the leaves are cut and the bulbs are allowed to air for several hours. After the skin is dry, it is transferred to the interior. The new ball and ball are graded into a shallow box and stored under conditions of dryness, ventilation, and temperature of 5°C to ll°C. Turning is checked during this period to prevent heat and mildew.
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