At present, straw and dry forage grass are the main roughage feeds for herbivores in China in winter, but straw and dry grass have low nutrient content and high lignin content. Feeding animals have slow growth speed and long growth cycle. Therefore, research and development of new feed resources is an important task for livestock workers now and in the future. The soybean hull is an ideal feed resource and has great potential.
1 The nutritional value of soybean hull
Soybean hull is a by-product of the soybean oil making process, which accounts for 10% of the whole soybean volume and 8% of the total soybean weight. Soybean hull is mainly coated with soybean outer layer. The color is beige or light yellow. It is obtained by thermal processing method of oil peeling or crushing and sieving. The main components are cell walls and plant fibers, with crude fiber content of 38%, crude protein 12.2%, calcium oxide 0.53%, phosphorus 0.18%, and lignin content less than 2% (NRC, 1996). In addition, there are two types of soybean hulls suitable for animal feed: soybean comminuted feed and soybean comminuted waste. The soybean comminuted feed consisted of soybean hulls and the processed soybean flour and crushed material at the tail of the comminutor. The feed had a crude protein content of 13% and a crude fiber content of about 32%. The crushed waste of soybean hulls consists of soybean hulls and cotyledons within the attached dry shells. The crude protein content of this by-product is 11%, and the crude fiber content is about 35%.
2 advantages of soybean milk
2.1 Soybean skin contains a large amount of crude fiber, which can replace the low-quality straw and hay in the roughage of herbivores
Straw poor palatability, crude protein content, mineral content, lignin content is high. In the process of drying hay as hay, due to chemical and mechanical effects, most of the nutrients are lost. The utilization of herbivores is low. Soybean hulls account for 63% of NDF, 47% of ADF, and 1.9% of lignin. The degree of water quality of cellulose is an important factor in the level of cellulose digestion in the feed. Due to the high content of crude fiber in soybean hulls and the low degree of lignification, Daxian skin can replace straw and hay. The results of HSU (1987) showed that the digestibility of nylon bag in dry matter of soybean hulls was 90.3% in 27h and could be completely digested in 36-48h. The results of Owen (1987) showed that the NDF digestibility of soybean hulls was as high as 95%. Kedey and Williams (1995) pointed out that digestible fibrous by-products (such as soy hulls) are good roughage for winter pastures and are superior to feeding hay in winter.
2.2 The soybean hull contains the right amount of protein and energy, which can replace part of the supplement material of ruminants
The crude protein content of soybean hulls was 12.2%, which was higher than that of corn (10%) and lower than that of wheat bran (17.1%). The net energy of soybean hull is 8.15MJ/kg, which is higher than 6.72MJ/kg ton of wheat bran and lower than 8.23MJ/kg of corn. Therefore, soybean hull can replace a certain amount of corn and wheat bran. The addition of soy hulls can also reduce the metabolism of ruminants. Adding cereal energy feed to low quality raw materials, due to the large amount of starch contained in the cereal feed. The rapid fermentation of starch in the rumen, the pH of the rumen fluid and the disturbance of the microflora, resulting in acidosis, thus affecting the feed dry matter and coarse Fiber digestion. Replacing some grain feeds with soybean hulls not only reduces the acidosis caused by high concentrate feeds, but also results in favorable ruminal pH. Moreover, soybean hulls can stimulate the rapid growth of microorganisms that break down fibers in rumen fluids and increase the viability of degradable fibers.
3 application of soybean milk
3.1 The effect of soybean meal as roughage
Weidner (1994) added 5 different levels of soybean hulls to Holstein dairy cows' diets. Soy husks replaced 25%-42% of roughage and hay replaced 33% of silage. Determination of dietary digestibility and yield of dairy cows. Effect of milk performance. Test results show that: Soybean husk improves dry matter digestibility, neutral fiber digestibility, and typical components of soybean hulls produced in Table 1 as dry matter | Crude protein | Ether extraction | Acidic washing | Neutral washing | Lignin | Calcium | Phosphorus|potassium|magnesium|iron|emulsion|agent fiber|polyester fiber||12-13|21-25|47|63|1.9|0.4-0.66|0.11-0.25|1.03-1.55|0.13-0.31|410( Mg/kg)|
Milk volume was 14, 33 and 9% respectively. Hibberd (1987) also got similar conclusions. The monitoring of Fiekins (1995) showed that dairy cows have 14%-16% of NDF in their diets, and the remaining 28%-31% of NDF comes from soybean hulls. The milk production performance of dairy cows is not affected. Meng Qingxiang (2002) measured the production performance of meat rabbits using soybean hull instead of roughage, and found that instead of 0, 25, and 50% soybean husks, soybean husks were replaced by soybean husks. The daily weight gain and feed conversion rate of meat rabbits showed a quadratic curve increase (P<0.05). The daily gain of soybean husk instead of 25% of soybean husk was the highest, reaching 42.6g/d.
3.2 Application of Soybean Concentrate
Macgergor (1976) reported that when the ratio of dairy cow concentrate to Shouqing silage was 57:43, 48.9% of the corn in the concentrate was replaced with soybean hull, and the amount of 4% milk fat corrected milk was not significantly affected. Naka-mura (1989) showed that the average daily milk production was 29.8, 28.9, and 27.3 kg when the content of soybean hull was 0, 50, or 95% in dairy cow mixed concentrates, and the average milk fat percentage was 3.13, 3.37, and 3.49%. Lulin (2001) used soybean hull instead of 25% and 50% of corn and wheat mash in dairy concentrates, and there was no significant change in daily milk yield, 4% milk fat rate corrected milk and feed conversion ratio (P>0.02). Feed costs for kilograms of milk were reduced by 0.045 and 0.057 yuan respectively. Ludden (1995) analyzed the effect of adding soybean hulls to feed on the performance of beef cattle of different concentrate levels. When the diet concentrate level is lower than 25%, the nutritional value of soybean hulls is better than that of corn; the concentration of dietary concentrates is 25%-50 %, the feed value of soybean hull is equivalent to 80%-95% of corn. Another experiment showed that when dietary soybean meal was supplemented with hay-based diets, beef cattle gained 1.01 kg/d, while supplemental corn soy flour had an increase of only 0.95 kg/d. Zervas (1997) used soybean hulls instead of 60% of the concentrate in tests for lactating dairy sheep, which resulted in a 3% increase in milk production, a 14% increase in fat percentage, and a 16% increase in fat-corrected milk production.
4 issues of attention
4.1 The proportion of soybean hull in the roughage diet of herbivores should not be too large
HSU (1987) pointed out that the soy hulls are small in size and large in volume, and therefore have a rapid ruminal speed and are not conducive to the digestion and absorption of dietary dry matter and cellulose. A large number of test results show that the soybean hull can not completely replace the herbivore roughage. Hibberd (1987) fed a soy husk-based diet to beef cattle. The daily gain was only 0.64 kg, and the feed conversion rate was 10.1%. Loest (2001) determined the effect of soybean husk-based diets and concentrate-based diets on cattle weight gain. It was found that soybean husk diets were 29% lower than the concentrate diets, and the feed conversion rate was 27% lower. West (1997) suggested adding dry leather to the soybean hull to reduce the rumen transit time and improve the material digestibility. Welder (1994) used a soybean husk-based diet and a soybean husk hay-based diet to find that the soybean husk-based diet had a rumination time of 240 min/d, a rumen pH of 5.9, and the latter had a ruminant time of 375 min/d. pH 6.0. However, Traier (2001) showed that the addition of 30% hay in the basal diet of soybean hulls does not reduce the rumen transit time and improve DM digestibility. Therefore, the issue of suitable amount of grain feed for soybean husks for herbivores needs further study. the study.
4.2 Note Add appropriate amount of essential amino acids to herbivore feed
Studies have shown that restricting the feeding of diets based on soybean hulls may result in herbivores lacking several essential amino acids, limiting their protein synthesis and muscle growth. Taking cattle as an example, Greemwood (2000) determined the requirement for limiting the essential amino acids of beef cattle fed diets based on soybean hulls. The daily diet was supplemented with 10 g methionine and a certain amount of 10 essential amino acids. The results showed that the amount of N deposition in beef cattle after feeding 10 essential amino acids was 13.7 g/d, which was larger than the 7.9 g/d deposition of methionine beef cattle. It has been demonstrated that methionine is the first limiting amino acid in beef cattle, and histidine and at least one branched-chain amino acid are limiting amino acids. Loest (2001) showed that the branched-chain amino acids valine and proline are essential amino acids in beef cattle. Therefore, it is necessary to add the appropriate amount of limiting amino acids such as methionine, histidine, leucine and zepine to diets based on restrictions on feeding and drinking soy hulls, and the animal's growth effect is good.
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