Producing high-quality apples, the selection and cultivation of apple tree types is very important. In the young period of apple trees, it is necessary to cultivate good tree types of medium-sized crowns or small tree crowns. Small and medium-sized tree crown apple trees can be intensively cultivated, making full use of light energy and fertility to produce high-quality fruit.
A tree introduction
1. Small crown sparsely layered. The common anther or semi-dwarf stock anvil type common rootstock combination, spacing 4m ~ 5m, plant spacing 3m ~ 4m, 33 ~ 55 plants per 667 square meters of trees suitable for this type of tree. Tree structure: Tree height 3m, whole tree 5 ~ 6 main branches, 1st main branch 3, 2nd main branch 2, a few have 3rd main branch. The layer spacing between the first layer and the second main branch was 80 cm, and the layer spacing between the second layer and the main branch of the third layer was 60 cm. On the main branch of the first layer, 1 to 2 small lateral branches inclined outwards were left, and no lateral branches were left on the main branches of the 2nd and 3rd floors.
2. Free spindle shape. Spindle shape is an apple tree type commonly used at present, and it is an abundant tree type. The free-spindle shape is suitable for common varieties of short anvils or short-stem varieties with strong growth vigor. This tree type is suitable for dense planting and cultivation. Suitable for trees with 3m to 4m spacing and 3m spacing. Tree height 3m ~ 3.5m, the whole tree to stay 10 to 15 small main branch, the main branch does not stay on the side branch, the tree is large and small, showing a wide conical.
3. Slender spindle shape. Planting 83 to 133 trees per 667 square meters, 2.5m to 4m spacing, and 2m spacing planting gardens, suitable for this type of tree. Tree structure: On the central trunk, 15 to 20 lateral branches (ie, small main branches) were evenly distributed, leaving no lateral branches on lateral branches. The lateral branches of the lower part are required to have a length of 100 cm, a central length of 70 cm 80 cm, and an upper length of 50 cm to 60 cm. The crown is large, small and slender.
4. Mainly shaped. Apple trees suitable for high-density cultivation have a smaller tree shape than slender spindles. The crown of the tree crown is 1.2m and the height of the tree is 2.5m to 3m. The tree structure is basically the same as the elongated spindle shape.
Second, tree pruning
Pruning principles for adult trees that produce high-quality fruit: Do not insist on tree types, stabilize tree vigor, control the length and quantity of new shoots, and master tree production. It should be ensured that the new shoots with a length of 30 cm to 40 cm account for about 10% of the new trees. The main measures of its pruning are: one control, two adjustments, three updates.
1. control. The control of pruning is mainly to control the balance between the growth of the apple tree and the result, and the ratio of the fruit branch to the leaf branch is required to be 1:3. Before flowering, we must cut it and remove excess flower buds. During flowering and after flowering, thinning, fruit thinning, and fruit setting are performed to achieve the control index. Tree control can be divided into overall control and local control. 1 The overall control, commonly used measures include delayed pruning and staged pruning. Before the apple tree germinates, only the internal litchi group is cut, and after germination, the peripheral branches or the strong pruning branches are cut. For slow-release shoots, perform secondary pruning after spreading the leaves. For plants with large growth, strong growth potential, and dense shoots, the strong branch groups should be removed when cutting in winter, and vigorous shoots should be removed during summer cutting to prevent canopy closure in the crown. 2 Partial control, when the winter shears, the tree will be dropped and the height of the tree will be controlled. When the apple tree is strong and weak, the upper branches of the tree can be circumcised; the spindle-shaped tree, when the lateral branches are too strong. , you can shrink or change branches.
2. Adjustment. It is mainly to adjust the individual structure and group structure of the tree in order to create good ventilation and light transmission conditions. 1 Group adjustment, 80cm to 100cm work lanes are required between rows. 2 Individual adjustments, strict control of tree height by falling head, tree height must not exceed the distance between tree rows. The outer space of the leaves of the tree should have a space of 60cm to 70cm. If the spacing is too small, the angle of the lower main branch should be increased, the dense branches should be removed, and the canopy should be thin and dense, and the outer thin is dense to facilitate light transmission.
3. Update. The main result is the update of the branch. The production of high-quality apple requires that the branches of the apple tree be robust, and each branch should have good developmental branches, a growing middle branch and full fruiting branches. In the process of updating the branch, it is necessary to develop the branches at the base and cultivate the branches and branches to make the branches compact.
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