First, planting grafted seedlings
In addition to the northern cold regions of China, grape cultivars are used for grafting seedlings with vine grapes or Betsa, and cuttings are mainly used to propagate self-rooted seedlings. In recent years, with the introduction of European and American grape varieties, grape root nodules have also spread to China. European and Asian grape varieties are of good quality but generally not resistant to root nodules, so there are grafted seedlings of European, American and European grapes grafted on American grape rootstocks. The grafted seedlings have strong resistance. Commonly used rootstocks include 5BB and SO4.
Second, install a shelter
The rainy summer in China will cause many diseases and insect pests, and it will easily cause fruit cracking. Therefore, installing a rain shelter can reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, reduce the number of spraying, and save manpower and material resources. After the grapes were planted, shelter tents were installed. The shelters were connected by arches from east to west. Each arch was oriented from north to south. The height of the side pillars was 2.8 meters, and the height of the pillars was 2.5 meters. The material was galvanized pipes, which was 2 meters above the ground.
Third, cover the horticultural fabric or grass between rows
At present, soil management in the vineyard area is still dominated by ploughing, which not only wastes manpower but also causes soil nutrient loss. Today's universal soil management involves intercropping landscaping or inter-row weeding, which saves labor costs in soil tillage and weeding, reduces the cost of pest control in vineyards, and effectively increases soil organic matter content and increases resistance. Suitable grasses include clover and rat grass, among which rat grass is a herbaceous green fertilizer plant that is resistant to cold and high temperature. In order to ensure that the grape quality does not use herbicides in the whole park, artificial weeds are cleared after the weeds are removed in April, and sowing seeds or sowing seeds are used.
IV. Water and fertilizer integration irrigation
Traditional irrigation and fertilization require a lot of manpower and time costs, and the adoption of water and fertilizer integration equipment greatly improves the utilization of fertilizer and water resources.
1, install water and fertilizer integration equipment
The drip irrigation and sprinkler equipment and automatic fertilization facilities are installed in the vineyard. The entire system includes:
1 Pressurized system: It consists of water pumps and calculates the pump power to be used according to the vineyard area.
2 Filtration system: It consists of screen filter or laminated filter.
3 Fertilization system: It consists of a water pump and a Venturi fertilizer applicator.
4 Water pipeline: It is composed of main water pipeline and drop pipe. The main branch and branches of the water transmission pipelines are in charge of 4-inch PVC pipes buried underground; the branch pipes are 1-inch PVC pipes buried underground. Diaphragm diameter 16 mm, wall thickness 1.0 mm or more.
5 drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation terminal sprinklers.
2, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation precautions
Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation should pay attention to the following matters:
1 During the process of fertigation, it is necessary to pay attention to the timely cleaning of filters and sprinkling of drippers to prevent sediment blocking and affecting the use effect.
2 When the area of ​​the park is large and there are many pipelines, subarea irrigation should be conducted. Otherwise, the water pressure is too low and the water is too slow.
3 Drip tapes and water pipelines are easily damaged during operation and should be repaired in time;
4 The impact of thermal expansion and contraction of the sprinkler head will automatically fall to the ground before winter, and the method of fastening the sprinkler head and connecting the fine water pipe with the fishnet cable can solve this problem.
V. Physical and Biological Control Techniques of Diseases and Pests
The general pest control measures are mainly sprayed with chemical agents. In the annual management process of the grapes, 8 to 10 times of the drug are sprayed. As people's demands for the quality of grape fruits become higher and higher, it is recommended to use as little chemical as possible in the cultivation process. Pharmaceutics use physical and biological control techniques to control pests and diseases. This can not only reduce the number of sprays but also reduce pesticide residues in fruits.
Commonly used methods include: solar insecticidal lamps, black light, traps, armyworm board, silver-gray insect repellent film, sexual attractants (such as the use of juvenile hormones to control locusts), razor wire and other physical control measures; protection and utilization Natural enemies, artificial release of natural enemies, such as the use of Trichogramma pest control pests; the application of biological pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis, matrine, sweet and sour, Icicin and so on.
VI. Mechanization of vineyards
Orchard mechanization is the trend of future production, and the adoption of mechanization will greatly reduce labor costs. At present, the main machinery used in the vineyard includes small tractors, small rotary cultivators, lawn mowers, motorized sprayers, grape pruning machines, and grape fertilizing machines. However, due to the high mechanical requirements of the rack type and row spacing commonly used in the production of vineyards, the use of machinery is limited. If grape pruning machines cannot be used in the scaffolding cultivation area, most of the tractors in a garden with a spacing of less than 3 meters cannot normally operate.
In addition, once a year, the organic fertilizer applied to the grapes once a year also imposes higher requirements on machinery. Generally, the small-scale trencher has a shallower ditch, and it is necessary to manually deepen the fertilizer ditch again to reach the depth requirement. The problem cannot be entered into the inter-bank office to carry out work. In this regard, it is urgently needed for the agricultural machinery personnel to carry out special research and development.
The machines that are suitable for use in flatland vineyards based on years of management experience are small rotary cultivators, electric spray fighters and small chain openers (which can be used when applying organic fertilizers, with open and backfill functions). In addition, a series of small tools such as grape tying clips, grape tying machines, and bird repellents (agents) have become an indispensable part of effortless cultivation.
The grape-saving cultivation techniques need to be explored again in the production practice. The use of labor-saving technology can save labor costs and promote the sustainable development of the grape industry.
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